New Structural Analogues of Tubulozole Induce Apoptosis, [Ca2+]i Modifications and Cytoskeletal Disorganization in Glial (GL15) and Neuronal-like (PC12) Cell Lines

Abstract

The synthesis and the biological activity of (±)‐cis‐ and (±)‐trans‐[4‐[[2‐(1,1´‐biphenyl‐4‐yl)‐2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl]methylthio]phenyl]carbamic acid ethyl esters (2a and 2b) are discussed. They were designed as structural analogues of Tubulozole, a synthetic tubulin polymerisation inhibitor with antimitotic properties. Biological tests were carried out on PC12, a neuronal‐like cell line derived from rat pheochromocytoma, and on GL15, a cell line derived from human glioblastoma. The exposure (from 5 to 20 h) of GL15 and PC12 cells to different concentrations (0.1—1000 μM; IC50 ~1 μM) of 2a or 2b resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of viable cells without an apparent effect on the cell distribution in the various phases of the cell cycle. Compound 2a or 2b (10 μM) induced cell death by activating apoptosis. This was correlated with the activation of an oscillating Ca 2+‐dependent mechanism which increased the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+]i) via Ca 2+‐release from internal stores. Moreover, 2a (10 μM) also induced severe damage of cytoskeletal F‐actin filaments after a 5 h incubation in GL15 cells. This was also observed but to a smaller extent, for 2b. Under the same experimental conditions, PC12 cells showed similar actin deregulation.