New species of <I>Graphis</I> and <I>Hemithecium</I> (lichenized <I>Ascomycota</I>) from Eastern Himalaya, India

Three new species ofGraphis(Ascomycota:Ostropales:Graphidaceae) from Mexico, with updates to taxonomic key entries for 41 species described between 2009 and 2013

“…Including the three species introduced here, no less than 41 species have been described or reinstated in the four years following publication of the key, representing an increase of 12·4% over the 330 species treated in the key. Of these, six are from North America (Lendemer 2010; Lücking et al 2011; Seavey & Seavey 2011), four from Mexico (Lumbsch et al 2011; this paper), one from Central America (Costa Rica: Lücking et al 2012), nine from South America (Peru: Rivas Plata & Lücking 2013; Brazil: Dal-Forno & Eliasaro 2010; Lumbsch et al 2011; Cáceres et al 2012), three from Europe (Neuwirth & Aptroot 2011), 16 from Asia (India: Jagadeesh Ram & Sinha 2009; Chitale et al 2011; Sharma & Khadilkar 2011; Sri Lanka: Weerakoon et al 2012; Cambodia: Nakanishi et al 2010; Moon et al 2011; South Korea: Joshi et al 2010; Moon et al 2012; China: Jia & Wei 2009; Jia 2011; Indonesia: see key entries below), one from Fiji (Lücking et al 2010), and one pantropical species (this paper: see key entries below). We expect that this trend will continue in the near future; for the Graphis scripta group alone, Lücking (2012) predicted nearly 50 missing species based on the data from the published key.…”

“…Group 13, couplet 7: Ascospores medium-sized to large, 50–95×7–9 µm, 8 per ascus; labia non-pruinose; lirellae erumpent to prominent, lacking or with basal thalline margin, very long and irregularly to radiately branched; India ... Graphis neoraensis Jagadesh & G. P. Sinha (Jagadeesh Ram & Sinha 2009)…”

“…For example, 115 species have been reported from Costa Rica, a country much smaller than Mexico (Lücking et al 2008). In the present paper, we describe three new species from tropical rain and dry forest, and provide updates to the world key (Lücking et al 2009 b ) for these and an additional 38 species described between 2009 and 2013 (Jagadeesh Ram & Sinha 2009; Jia & Wei 2009; Dal-Forno & Eliasaro 2010; Joshi et al 2010; Lendemer 2010; Lücking et al 2010, 2011, 2012; Nakanishi et al 2010; Chitale et al 2011; Jia 2011; Lumbsch et al 2011; Moon et al 2011, 2012; Neuwirth & Aptroot 2011; Seavey & Seavey 2011; Sharma & Khadilkar 2011; Cáceres et al 2012; Weerakoon et al 2012; Rivas Plata & Lücking 2013).…”

New species and new combinations in the lichen generaFissurinaandHemitheciumfrom India

“…2005; Archer 2006, 2009; Chitale et al . 2009; Jagadeesh & Sinha 2009). The genus can be distinguished from the other genera of lirelline Graphidaceae by well-developed, convergent, non-carbonized and distinctly striate exciples, 1–8-spored asci, and hyaline, transversely septate or muriform ascospores, turning I+ blue or blue-violet.…”

“…After the reintroduction of the genus Hemithecium Trevis. by Staiger (2002), the genus is so far represented by about 41 species worldwide, including 19 species from the Indian subcontinent (Staiger 2002;Nakanishi et al 2003;Archer 2006Archer , 2009Chitale et al 2009;Jagadeesh & Sinha 2009). The genus can be distinguished from the other genera of lirelline Graphidaceae by well-developed, convergent, noncarbonized and distinctly striate exciples, 1-8-spored asci, and hyaline, transversely septate or muriform ascospores, turning I+ blue or blue-violet.…”