“…Although new species of Chironomidae have recently been described from South America (Silva et al, 2010(Silva et al, , 2012(Silva et al, , 2014a(Silva et al, , 2014bOliveira and Silva, 2011;Trivinho-Strixino and Silva, 2011;Dantas and Hamada, 2013;Trivinho-Strixino et al, 2013Andersen and Pinho, 2014;Siri and Donato, 2015), none of these studies focused on biological processes such as vicariance, dispersal and extinction in a biogeographical context. To address these questions, a 2-year study, entitled "Understanding the ancient origin of South American biodiversity: a molecular perspective on the evolution and biogeography of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)" and supported by the CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, began in 2014.…”