New Science Based Concepts for Increased Efficiency in Battery Recycling

Friedrich, Bernd; Schwich, Lilian

doi:10.3390/met11040533

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Recyclingprozessketten für Traktionsbatterien kombinieren verschiedene Prozessschritte. Diese umfassen Entlade-und Demontageprozesse, Prozesse für die Zerkleinerung, die mechanische Aufbereitung, die thermische Vorbehandlung sowie pyro-und hydrometallurgische Verfahren [4,5]. Resyntheseprozesse ermöglichen zudem den Wiedereinsatz von Rezyklaten in der Batterieproduktion.…”

Section: Nachhaltiges Recycling Von Traktionsbatterienunclassified

“…Resyntheseprozesse ermöglichen zudem den Wiedereinsatz von Rezyklaten in der Batterieproduktion. Für das Recycling und die Resynthese können die zuvor genannten Prozessschritte in verschiedener Weise kombiniert werden [4,5]. Hieraus resultieren verschiedene Prozessketten, welche in Konkurrenz hinsichtlich der Effizienz der Rückgewinnung einzelner Materialien sowie Wirtschaftlichkeit, sozialer Kriterien und resultierenden Umweltwirkungen stehen [4,5].…”

Section: Nachhaltiges Recycling Von Traktionsbatterienunclassified

“…Für das Recycling und die Resynthese können die zuvor genannten Prozessschritte in verschiedener Weise kombiniert werden [4,5]. Hieraus resultieren verschiedene Prozessketten, welche in Konkurrenz hinsichtlich der Effizienz der Rückgewinnung einzelner Materialien sowie Wirtschaftlichkeit, sozialer Kriterien und resultierenden Umweltwirkungen stehen [4,5]. Neben der Betrachtung von Batterien am Lebensende ist die Rückführung von Produktionsabfällen ein zentrales Thema, da durch den schnel-…”

Section: Nachhaltiges Recycling Von Traktionsbatterienunclassified

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Nachhaltiges Recycling von Traktionsbatterien – Forschungsansätze im Kompetenzcluster Recycling & Grüne Batterie (greenBatt)

Herrmann¹,

Mennenga²,

Kaluza³

et al. 2022

I40M

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Im Zuge des Wandels zur Elektromobilität steht die Nutzung von Batteriezellen als Energiespeicher vor einem exponentiellen Wachstum. Ziel in Forschung und Industrie ist es, den gesamten Lebenszyklus dieser Batteriezellen vor dem Hintergrund globaler Nachhaltigkeitsziele zu gestalten und die notwendige Rohstoffversorgung sicherzustellen. Hierbei kommt der Etablierung leistungsfähiger Recyclingtechnologien eine zentrale Rolle zu. Insbesondere besteht Forschungsbedarf in der Weiterentwicklung von Prozessrouten nach technologischen, ökologischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Kriterien. Das Kompetenzcluster Recycling & Grüne Batterie (greenBatt) adressiert diese Herausforderungen in 15 Forschungsprojekten. Dieser Beitrag stellt übergreifende Lösungsansätze und Projekthighlights vor.

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Section: Nachhaltiges Recycling Von Traktionsbatterienunclassified

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Nachhaltiges Recycling von Traktionsbatterien – Forschungsansätze im Kompetenzcluster Recycling & Grüne Batterie (greenBatt)

Herrmann¹,

Mennenga²,

Kaluza³

et al. 2022

I40M

Self Cite

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“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play an important role in portable devices and hybrid and battery-driven vehicles and are state-of-the-art power sources. − Especially high specific energy, high energy density, long-endurance, low self-discharge, and long shelf life combined with lightweight constructions make them, particularly interesting. , The enormous growth of LIB’s manufacturing results in a high amount of LIBs reaching their end of life (EOL). − Lithium and cobalt mining has different institutional risks accompanied by the knowledge that cathode resynthesis from metallurgical recycling is less energy-intensive and is associated with emission reduction compared to cathode synthesis from virgin materials . Therefore, further developments of energy-efficient recycling processes and systems for LIB recycling are required from the perspective of resource circulation, procurement, and sustainability. − Researchers are working on several technological routes to recycle LIBs, − such as hydrometallurgical − and biometallurgical ,− processes and pyrometallurgical technologies. ,,− From a chemical and energy engineering perspective, most of these technologies anchor in extractions and solidifications versus crystallization of multicomponent and multiphase systems . The basic idea in hydrometallurgical LIB recycling is to leach metal into the liquid phase for enrichment purposes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring Lithium Aluminate Phases Based on Thermodynamics for an Increased Recycling Efficiency of Li-Ion Batteries

Qiu

Schirmer

et al. 2022

ACS EST Eng.

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The increased usage of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) requires innovative recycling processes, allowing recovering Li with a high recycling efficiency. Different research groups have developed several recycling technologies in the past. One promising technology is the pyrometallurgical combined with the hydrometallurgical process route. To increase the recycling efficiency of this technology, it is of high relevance to artificially engineer high lithium-containing phases by tailoring slag solidification with process parameters and composition. The significant challenge thereby is the complex interrelationship between composition, process temperature, and high lithium-containing phases such as LiAlO2. Especially, the influence of Mg impurities in the feed is crucial for the phase formation. Consequently, the question arises to what extend the Mg content should be artificially adjusted in combination with CaO as a slag builder to design LiAlO2. To overcome this challenge, a comprehensive thermodynamic model framework is presented in this work, which allows tailoring the slag composition and temperature such that the LiAlO2 amount can be engineered. The model is validated successfully by experimental data. For the first time, this study presents the role and potential of combined MgO and CaO tailoring for this complex system to gain high amounts of the desired LiAlO2. This lays a valuable base for significantly increasing the recycling efficiency in the pyrometallurgical recycling of LIBs by taking into account unavoidable feed impurities.

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“…Limited research has to date been published on the detailed characterisation of black mass ( 5 Vanderbruggen et al, 2021), although there is very active research into the processing options for LIB materials (e.g., 7 Barik et al, 2017;4 Bruckner et al, 2020; 1 Chen et al, 2019; 8 Diekmann et al, 2017; 9 Friedrich and Schwich, 2020; 10 Liu et al, 2020; 11 Lu et al, 2017; 12 Pinegar and Smith, 2019; 13 Ruismaki et al, 2020; 14 Schwick et al, 2020; 15 Widijatmoko et al, 2020). It is widely recognised that the variability in the composition of the black mass feed, can significantly affect the efficiency of the processing and recovery (e.g., 4 Bruckner et al, 2020; 8 Diekmann et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sampling and phase characterisation of black mass

Donnelly¹,

Pirrie

Power³

et al. 2022

TOS Forum

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“Black mass” is the industry term used to describe a type of e-waste comprising crushed and shredded battery cells. It is an intermediate product in the recycling of spent, end-of-life, batteries. It comprises a mixture of metals including; lithium, manganese, cobalt and nickel, which are valuable recycling commodities, of increasing strategic and economic importance to meet future global demands in the “battery revolution”. The objective of this “phase characterisation” investigation was to provide an indicative profile of the morphological characteristics, grain size, composition and textural variability for a natural state (unprepared) and prepared (powdered) sample of black mass from Europe. It is envisaged that this is relevant to: (a) develop a pragmatic sampling strategy to ensure a non-biased, representative sample is provided for assaying; (b) determine the optimal processing route (e.g., hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical); (c) identify the presence of payable phases; (d) identify phases that may hinder metal recovery or penalty components; (e) develop assay procedures; and (f) assist in the identification of hazards and the mitigation of risks. The techniques used were: (1) visual examination and binocular microscopy; (2) manual scanning electron microscopy (SEM); (3) automated scanning electron microscopy with linked energy dispersive spectrometers (SEM-EDS), to characterise the phases present and particle types (using AMICS); (4) X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) to provide the 3D morphology of the particles; and (5) laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to detect and quantify the phases that cannot be detected using automated SEM-EDS and X-CT. The results demonstrated that automated SEM-EDS can be used to characterise and quantify the phases present, and the phase chemistry allows the particle types to be assigned back to the primary battery components. Some phases identified are at present not linked back to the original components and further work is needed to refine the compositional groups, with the analysis of additional samples from different feeds/streams in Europe, China and USA. Interactive SEM-EDS analysis also demonstrated that there is a high-resolution chemical variability within the individual particle categories. X-CT imaging demonstrated the complex 3D textures and morphology of the particles, which is potentially significant during sample preparation and chemical analysis. Neither automated nor manual interactive analysis can determine the presence / abundance of the light elements, such as lithium. However, LA-ICP-MS was successful in detecting and quantifying lithium. Furthermore, LA-ICP-MS was able to determine contents of 67 other non-metals and metals at a 20-micron scale with ppm to ppb level detection limits.

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New Science Based Concepts for Increased Efficiency in Battery Recycling

Abstract: It is a common understanding worldwide that electromobility will have a significant share in passenger transport and that there will be a very dynamic increase in the return volumes of discarded batteries in the future [...]

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Nachhaltiges Recycling von Traktionsbatterien – Forschungsansätze im Kompetenzcluster Recycling & Grüne Batterie (greenBatt)

Nachhaltiges Recycling von Traktionsbatterien – Forschungsansätze im Kompetenzcluster Recycling & Grüne Batterie (greenBatt)

Tailoring Lithium Aluminate Phases Based on Thermodynamics for an Increased Recycling Efficiency of Li-Ion Batteries

The sampling and phase characterisation of black mass

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