New scenario for the early evolution of the Universe

2012

Astron. Rep.

The evolution of the vacuum component of the Universe is studied in both the quantum and classical regimes. Our Universe has emerged as a result of a tunneling process, beginning with an oscillating mode and passing on to a Friedmann mode, and it very probably had a high symmetry for the Planck parameters. In the first fractions of a second (the quantum regime), as it cooled, the vacuum component of the Universe lost its high degree of symmetry due to phase transitions; i.e., its positive energy density was subject to negative contributions from quantum field condensates (by 78 orders of magnitude). After the last (quark-hadron) phase transition, the vacuum energy "froze." At this time (10 −6 s), the vacuum energy density can be calculated using the formula of Zel'dovich and substituting the mean values of the pseudo-Goldstone boson (π-mesons) masses characterizing the chromodynamic vacuum. Chiral symmetry was lost at that time. The dynamics of the equilibrium vacuum after its "hardening" is considered using the holographic principle. During the next 4 × 10 17 s (the classical regime), the vacuum component of the Universe was reduced by 45 orders of magnitude due to the creation of new quantum states during its expansion. It is possible to solve the cosmological-constant problem using the holographic principle, since the 123 problematic orders of magnitude disappear in usual physical processes. The vacuum energy density is also calculated in the classical regime to a redshift of 10 11 using a "cosmological calculator."

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, we do not know exactly how our Universe lost its high degree of symmetry. The elementary chain of phase transitions written [32], of which only the two last ones can be calculated precisely in the frame of Standard Model, is:…”

Section: Phase Transitions (Quantum Regime)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The vacuum component of the Universe (cosmological constant) should evolve

2012

Astron. Rep.

“…The idea of a similarity of the thermodynamics of a black hole in special coordinates to the thermodynamics of a de Sitter Universe belonging to S. Hawking [21] turned out to be very useful, as did T. Jacobson's idea [22] that gravity on the macroscopic scale is a manifestation of vacuum thermodynamics. Our Universe, after its creation [2], passed the quantum stage of its evolution, when holographic ideas can not used, since holography is a classical phenomenon. Probably, in the quantum regime our Universe lost its high symmetry, extra dimensions, and parity, but at the same time, a whole bunch of particles, including the dark ones, was produced.…”

Section: Dark Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A. Friedman [14] showed that the static solutions of the Einstein's equation (1) Here, we have a difference in vacuum energy density by 123 orders of magnitude that were reduced through rather ordinary physical processes during the evolution of the Universe. Our Universe was probably born by tunneling from an oscillating regime to the Friedmann one [2] and began to expand. New microstates arise during its expansion (evolution).…”

Section: Dark Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our Universe is probably part of a perpetually growing fractal (multiverse). Some difficulties have appeared with the multiverse [1], and it is first necessary to examine our Universe, which probably tunneled from an oscillating regime to the Friedmann one at the moment of its birth [2]. The dark energy of the Universe is probably vacuum energy with the equation of state w≡ p/ρ = -1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The dark components of the Universe are slowly clarified

2017

J. Exp. Theor. Phys.

The dark sector of the Universe is beginning to be clarified step by step. If the dark energy is vacuum energy, then 123 orders are exactly reduced by ordinary physical processes. For many years these unexplained orders were called a crisis in physics. There was indeed a "crisis" before the introduction of the holographic principle and entropic force in physics. The vacuum energy was spent for the organization of new microstates during the entire life of the Universe, but in the initial period of its evolution the vacuum energy (78 orders) were reduced more effectively by the vacuum condensates produced by phase transitions, because the Universe lost the high symmetry during its expansion. Important problems of physics and cosmology can be solved if the quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons are composite particles. The dark matter, partially or all consisting of familon-type pseudo-Goldstone bosons with a mass of 10 -5 -10 -3 eV, can be explained in the composite model. Three generations of elementary particles are absolutely necessary in this model. In addition, this model realizes three relativistic phase transitions in a medium of familons at different red shifts, forming a large-scale structure of dark matter that was "repeated" by baryons. We predict the detection of dark matter dynamics, the detection of familons as dark matter particles, and the development of spectroscopy for dark medium due to the probable presence of dark atoms in it. Other viewpoints on the dark components of the Universe are also discussed briefly.

Familon model of dark matter

Astronomical & Astrophysical Transactions

Lalakulich

Ponomarev

et al. 2004

Self Cite

If the next fundamental level of matter occurs (preons) then dark matter must consist of familons containing a "hot" component from massless particles and a "cold" component from massive particles. During evolution of the Universe this dark matter was undergone to latetime relativistic phase transitions temperatures of which were different. Fluctuations created by these phase transitions have had a fractal character. In the result of the structurization of dark matter (and therefore the baryon subsystem) has taken place and in the Universe some characteristic scales which have printed this phenomenon arise naturally. Familons are collective excitations of nonperturbative preon condensates which could be produced during more early relativistic phase transition. For structurization of dark matter (and baryon component) three generations of particles are necessary. The first generation of particles has produced the observed baryon world. The second and third generations have produced dark matter from particles which have appeared when symmetry among generations was spontaneously broken.