New Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2017–18

Kwon, Jung‐Hoon; Jeong, Sol; Lee, Donghun; Swayne, David E.; Kim, Yujin; Lee, Sun-Hak; Noh, Jin-Yong; Erdene-Ochir, Tseren-Ochir; Jeong, Jei-Hyun; Song, Chang‐Seon

doi:10.3201/eid2410.180461

Cited by 30 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Previously published time estimates for the most recent common ancestors for these HPAI H5N6 viruses detected in the Netherlands (Beerens et al. 2018) and Europe/Korea (Kwon et al. 2018) were January–September 2016 and January–October 2016 for HA, and December 2014–July 2016 and September 2015 (confidence interval: August 2014–August 2016) for NA, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017–18

et al. 2019

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were first introduced into Europe in late 2014 and re-introduced in late 2016, following detections in Asia and Russia. In contrast to the 2014–15 H5N8 wave, there was substantial local virus amplification in wild birds in Europe in 2016–17 and associated wild bird mortality, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Since December 2017, several European countries have again reported events or outbreaks with HPAI H5N6 reassortant viruses in both wild birds and poultry, respectively. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the two earliest incursions of HPAI H5N8 viruses originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently spread to Europe. In contrast, this study indicates that recent HPAI H5N6 viruses evolved from the H5N8 2016–17 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and wild host reservoir LPAI viruses. The genetic and phenotypic differences between these outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern for both animal and human health. The current co-circulation of potentially zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia warrants the determination of drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian lineage viruses and the potential threat they pose to public health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017–18

et al. 2019

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“…1). The samples were tested for influenza A virus by inoculation of 9-to 11-day-old specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs as described elsewhere 4,5 . After HA activity testing, viral RNA was extracted from the HA-positive allantoic fluid using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany).…”

Section: Sample Sites and Sample Collection Between December 2017 Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus subtype clade 2.3.4.4 indigenous in South Korea

Shin

Kang²,

Byeon³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, caused by novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, resulted in the loss of one billion birds in South Korea. Here, we characterized the H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in South Korea from December 2017 to August 2019 by next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 shared almost identical nucleotide sequences with the HPAI H5N6 viruses from 2016 in South Korea. This repeated detection of evolutionarily identical H5N6 viruses in same region for more than three years may suggest indigenization of the HPAI H5N6 virus in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 were evolutionarily distinct from those isolated in 2018. Molecular analysis revealed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 had features associated with an increased risk of human infection (e.g. a deletion at position 133 of HA and glutamic acid residue at position 92 of NS1). Overall, these genomic features of HPAI H5N6 viruses highlight the need for continuous monitoring of avian influenza viruses in wild migratory birds as well as in domestic birds. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses cause disease in poultry and humans as well as in some other mammals and wild birds, demonstrating a serious threat to the economy and public. As the Asian HPAI H5N1 viruses were first identified from A/goose/Guangdong/1996 (H5N1) in China, the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene has evolved into 10 genetically unique clades (0-9) 1. Among them, novel HPAI virus reassortant for the HA gene in the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 with different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been isolated in animals and humans worldwide 2 , and are divided into four genetically distinct subgroups, AD , based on phylogenetic analysis 3-6. Group A and Group B comprise H5N8 viruses, which were first identified from China and South Korea in late 2013/early 2014 3. During the winter season of 2017-2018, Group B H5N6 viruses, which had acquired the NA gene of the Eurasian low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were identified from birds in England, Germany, Japan, and Taiwan 4,5. Group C comprises H5N6 viruses identified from China and Laos during 2013-2014, and Group D comprises H5N6 viruses identified from China and Vietnam during 2013-2014 including human strains, albeit they have not been formally adopted 3,6. It is reported that Group B H5N6 viruses differ phylogenetically from Group C H5N6 viruses circulating in China 4. Overall, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses have spread rapidly and caused worldwide outbreaks in poultry; 7,8 moreover and 21 laboratory-confirmed human infections have been reported 3. In South Korea, large HPAI outbreaks in domestic poultry occurred during 2014-2018. The outbreaks in the winter seasons of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, caused by novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses 5,9-11 , resulted in the loss of one billion birds in 440 farms in South...

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“…The maximum-likelihood tree in Figure 3 shows that the highly pathogenic H5 HAs from Bulgaria arose from European H5N8 strains of the 2.3.4.4b lineage. They show no close genetic link with the subsequent H5N6 wave from Asia that spread into Europe [ 18 , 21 ]. Bulgarian virus HAs isolated in 2017–18 form two separate clusters originating from distinct 2.3.4.4b H5 virus ancestors, together with a lone 2017 strain from Dobrich.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From May 2016, the clade 2.3.4.4 Group B (2.3.4.4b) H5N8 viruses re-emerged in Europe, causing numerous outbreaks in poultry and a large number of deaths in wild birds [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Several reassortment events led to the emergence and detection of HPAI H5N5 in several European countries, Georgia and Israel between November 2016 and June 2017 [ 19 ] and HPAI H5N6 in Greece in February 2017 [ 20 ], with the subsequent wave of HPAI H5N6 viruses evolving from the H5N8 2016–2017 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and a wild host reservoir of LPAI viruses [ 18 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Transmission and Reassortment of 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Viruses in Bulgarian Poultry 2017/18

Venkatesh

Brouwer

Goujgoulova³

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Between 2017 and 2018, several farms across Bulgaria reported outbreaks of H5 highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In this study we used genomic and traditional epidemiological analyses to trace the origin and subsequent spread of these outbreaks within Bulgaria. Both methods indicate two separate incursions, one restricted to the northeastern region of Dobrich, and another largely restricted to Central and Eastern Bulgaria including places such as Plovdiv, Sliven and Stara Zagora, as well as one virus from the Western region of Vidin. Both outbreaks likely originate from different European 2.3.4.4b virus ancestors circulating in 2017. The viruses were likely introduced by wild birds or poultry trade links in 2017 and have continued to circulate, but due to lack of contemporaneous sampling and sequences from wild bird viruses in Bulgaria, the precise route and timing of introduction cannot be determined. Analysis of whole genomes indicates a complete lack of reassortment in all segments but the matrix protein gene (MP), which presents as multiple smaller clusters associated with different European 2.3.4.4b viruses. Ancestral reconstruction of host states of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses involved in the outbreaks suggests that transmission is driven by domestic ducks into galliform poultry. Thus, according to present evidence, we suggest the surveillance of domestic ducks as they are an epidemiologically relevant species for subclinical infection. Monitoring the spread due to movement between farms within regions and links to poultry production systems in European countries can help to predict and prevent future outbreaks. The 2.3.4.4b lineage which caused the largest recorded poultry epidemic in Europe continues to circulate, and the risk of further transmission by wild birds during migration remains.

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New Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2017–18

Cited by 30 publications

References 10 publications

Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017–18

Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017–18

Highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus subtype clade 2.3.4.4 indigenous in South Korea

Regional Transmission and Reassortment of 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Viruses in Bulgarian Poultry 2017/18

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