New Procedures to Assess Executive Functions in Preschool Children*

Espy, Kimberly Andrews; Kaufmann, Paul; Glisky, Martha L.; McDiarmid, Melanie D.

doi:10.1076/clin.15.1.46.1908

Cited by 124 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…These differences are consistent with a growing literature base concerning the development of executive control in preschool children (e.g., Diamond et al, 1997;Espy, 1997;Espy, Kaufmann, McDiarmid, & Glisky, 1999;Espy, Kaufmann, Glisky, & McDiarmid, 2001;Hughes, 1998;Jacques & Zelazo, 2001). Although these findings are compelling, a different developmental pattern might be evident on a different shifting task or in sample of different demographic characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The Development of a Trial Making Test in Young Children: The TRAILS-P

Espy¹,

Cwik²

2004

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The Development of a Trial Making Test in Young Children: The TRAILS-P

Espy¹,

Cwik²

2004

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

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“…However, no age-related, task-specific differences in RT performance were noted among preschool children who differed in age. Here the maturation between children and adults in the brain systems that subserve executive control is also substantially more protracted than are either secondary somatosensory areas or the lateral parietal temporal junction (e.g., Casey et al, 2005), as is the age at which mature performance often is observed (Espy et al, 2001;Welsh et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in reaction time task performance in young children

Kiselev

Espy

Sheffield

2009

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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Performance of reaction time (RT) tasks was investigated in young children and adults to test the hypothesis that age-related differences in processing speed supersede a "global" mechanism and are a function of specific differences in task demands and processing requirements. The sample consisted of 54 4-year-olds, 53 5-year-olds, 59 6-yearolds, and 35 adults from Russia. Using the regression approach pioneered by Brinley and the transformation method proposed by Madden and colleagues and Ridderinkhoff and van der Molen, age-related differences in processing speed differed among RT tasks with varying demands. In particular, RTs differed between children and adults on tasks that required response suppression, discrimination of color or spatial orientation, reversal of contingencies of previously learned stimulus-response rules, and greater stimulus-response complexity. Relative costs of these RT task differences were larger than predicted by the global difference hypothesis except for response suppression. Among young children, age-related differences larger than predicted by the global difference hypothesis were evident when tasks required color or spatial orientation discrimination and stimulus-response rule complexity, but not for response suppression or reversal of stimulus-response contingencies. Process-specific, age-related differences in processing speed that support heterochronicity of brain development during childhood were revealed.

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“…This task required children to track the location of a hidden reward and inhibit responses to a previously rewarded location, thus involving working memory and inhibitory control (Diamond, 1990;Espy et al, 2001Espy et al, , 1999.…”

Section: Assessment At Age Two Years (Corrected)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive functioning in preschool children born very preterm: Relationship with early white matter pathology

Edgin

Inder

Anderson

et al. 2007

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

124

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Despite evidence for executive dysfunction in school-aged preterm children, less is known about the early development of these difficulties or their underlying neuropathology. This study used prospective longitudinal data from a regional cohort of 88 very preterm and 98 full-term comparison children to examine the executive functioning (EF) of preschool children born very preterm. The relationship between the severity of neonatal cerebral white matter (WM) abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term equivalent and children's EF at ages two and four years (corrected age) was examined. At age four, very preterm children with WM abnormalities performed less well than full-term children on the Detour Reaching Box, a measure of behavioral inhibition and cognitive flexibility, even after controlling for child IQ, SES, and medical background. Examination of patterns of EF performance between the ages of 2 and 4 years showed that the performance of all groups improved with age. However, very preterm children with mild and moderate-severe WM abnormalities were characterized by higher rates of consistent performance impairments. These findings support the presence of early and persistent executive difficulties in preschool children born very preterm, and highlight the importance of white matter pathology in the development of executive impairments. (JINS, 2008, 14, 90-101.)

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New Procedures to Assess Executive Functions in Preschool Children*

Cited by 124 publications

References 38 publications

The Development of a Trial Making Test in Young Children: The TRAILS-P

The Development of a Trial Making Test in Young Children: The TRAILS-P

Age-related differences in reaction time task performance in young children

Executive functioning in preschool children born very preterm: Relationship with early white matter pathology

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