New Opportunity to Formulate Intranasal Vaccines and Drug Delivery Systems Based on Chitosan

Abstract

In an attempt to develop drug delivery systems that bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and prevent liver and intestinal degradation, it was concluded that nasal medication meets these criteria and can be used for drugs that have these drawbacks. The aim of this review is to present the influence of the properties of chitosan and its derivatives (mucoadhesion, permeability enhancement, surface tension, and zeta potential) on the development of suitable nasal drug delivery systems and on the nasal bioavailability of various active pharmaceutical ingredients. Interactions between chitosan and proteins, lipids, antigens, and other molecules lead to complexes that have their own applications or to changing characteristics of the substances involved in the bond (conformational changes, increased stability or solubility, etc.). Chitosan and its derivatives have their own actions (antibacterial, antifungal, immunostimulant, antioxidant, etc.) and can be used as such or in combination with other molecules from the same class to achieve a synergistic effect. The applicability of the properties is set out in the second part of the paper, where nasal formulations based on chitosan are described (vaccines, hydrogels, nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), powders, emulsions, etc.).

Quality by Design Approach for the Development of Liposome Carrying Ghrelin for Intranasal Administration

“…These results are directly correlated with the mucoadhesion study, shown previously ( Section 3.7 ). Where, the amino groups bond ionically with sulfonic acid of the mucus and the amino and hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds with the mucus, leading to the reversible opening of the tissue junction, and the permeation of substances through the nasal epithelium is increased [ 52 ]. The impact of chitosan on permeation was evaluated to its potentiating effect on the permeation of the peptide through the layers of the nasal mucosa, as also observed in other studies [ 14 , 53 ].…”

Evaluation of Antinociceptive Effects of Chitosan-Coated Liposomes Entrapping the Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist U50,488 in Mice

“…Due to its low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility, chitosan has been increasingly studied in a wide range of pharmaceutical, biomedical, and biotechnological fields, including gene therapy, bone regeneration, food industry, and agriculture [ 45 , 46 ]. Chitosan displays hemostatic and hastening wound healing effects, anti-hypercholesterolemic effects, bioactivity, chemotactic actions, antimicrobial activity, immunostimulation, enzymatic biodegradability, mucoadhesion, andepithelial permeability [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”

A review of the antiviral activity of Chitosan, including patented applications and its potential use against COVID‐19

“…chitosan as an anti-influenza agent (Zheng et al 2016;Mohammadi et al 2020;Popescu et al 2020). Hassan et al (2016) tested the antiviral activity of chitosan against Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), Herpes Simplex-1 (HSV-1) and Coxsackie viruses.…”