New natural host plants of ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma pini’ in Poland and the Czech Republic

Kamińska, M.; Berniak, H.; Obdrzalek, J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02480.x

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Pine morphological and growth anomalies as the observed in the present study are related to Candidatus Phytoplasma pini disease according PCR analysis and observations in previous studies [30,[35][36][37]. However, the generalized presence of this microorganism in apparently healthy trees points out that the disease symptomatology must be related with other biotic or abiotic triggering factors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Forest Decline Triggered by Phloem Parasitism-Related Biotic Factors in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis)

Morcillo

Gallego

González³

et al. 2019

Forests

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Climate models predict increasing mean temperatures and reduced precipitation for Mediterranean ecosystems already subjected to major hydrological fluctuations. Forest decline phenomena relate extreme droughts or heat waves with other organisms, e.g., insects or microorganisms acting as pests, but their role needs to be elucidated. A biotic factor responsible for forest diseases is Candidatus Phytoplasma pini which is a phloem-parasitism that negatively affects Spanish pine forests in drought-prone areas. In several healthy and declining Aleppo pine stands, we monitored pine infection by PCR (Polimerase Chain Reation), determined the tree phloem tissue terpene composition, carbohydrate content, measured several relevant morpho-physiological variables and examined trees affected by bark beetles. PCR confirmed C. P. pini infection was widespread in all stands, regardless of to the presence of symptomatically affected trees. However, visible symptomatic decline only occurred in trees living under more stressful conditions. The terpene composition of pines in declining stands differed from those in healthy ones, and could be related with bark beetle attacks when pines were previously weakened by the phytoplasma disease. Our results indicate that biotic factors, such as C. P. pini, affecting phloem tissue may be triggering factors for drought-mediated forest decline and suggest that phloem diseases can play a key role in forest declining processes during extreme drought.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Forest Decline Triggered by Phloem Parasitism-Related Biotic Factors in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis)

Morcillo

Gallego

González³

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…Phytoplasma pini-infected Scots pine trees in Germany and Poland [20,21] were observed rarely on phytoplasma-infected Scots and mountain pine trees in Lithuania. The most common symptoms were dwarfed needles that ranged in color from yellow to reddish, and dried branches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In other regions of Europe, phytoplasmal diseases of gymnosperms (Pinus spp., Picea spp., Abies spp., and Larix sp.) have been reported in Germany, Spain, Poland, Czech Republic, Croatia, and Ukraine [19][20][21][22]35]. Taxonomically diverse phytoplasmas, including Ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples of needles were collected from symptomless trees and from 300 symptomatic pine trees in [20] were kindly provided by Dr. M. Kaminska (Institute of Horticulture, Pomologiczna, Skierniewice, Poland). Nucleic acid for use as template in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was extracted from plant tissue using Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Baltics, Vilnius, Lithuania) according to manufacturer's instructions.…”

Section: Plant Samples and Dna Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2011, we observed diseased pine trees (P. sylvestris and P. mugo) exhibiting similar (red short needles, yellow dwarfed needles, dried shoots and ball-like structures) symptoms in the unique pine forest ecosystem of the Neringa peninsula, UNESCO protected Curonian Spit of western Lithuania (latitude/longitude: 55.137219/20.803179). Recent reports of phytoplasmas in diseased coniferous plants elsewhere [18][19][20][21][22] prompted us to question whether the disease of pine trees in Curonian Spit and southern Lithuania may be due to infection by a phytoplasma. A preliminary synoptic report of a phytoplasma infecting Scots pine trees in Southern Lithuania and pine trees in Curonian Spit have been published in abstract form [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania

Valiunas

Jomantienė

Ivanauskas

et al. 2015

Forests

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Although mainly known as pathogens that affect angiosperms, phytoplasmas have recently been detected in diseased coniferous plants. In 2008-2014, we observed, in the Curonian Spit of Western Lithuania and in forests of Southern Lithuania (Varena district), diseased trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and mountain pine (Pinus mugo) with unusual symptoms similar to those caused by phytoplasmas. Diseased trees exhibited excessive branching, dwarfed reddish or yellow needles, dried shoots and ball-like structures. restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that individual trees were infected by Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma pini-related strains (members of phytoplasma subgroup 16SrXXI-A) or by Ca. Phytoplasma asteris-related strains (subgroup 16SrI-A). Of the nearly 300 trees that were sampled, 80% were infected by phytoplasma. Ninety-eight percent of the positive samples were identified as Ca. Phytoplasma pini-related strains. Strains belonging to subgroup 16SrI-A were OPEN ACCESSForests 2015, 6 2470 identified from only few trees. Use of an additional molecular marker, secA, supported the findings. This study provides evidence of large-scale infection of Pinus by Ca. Phytoplasma pini in Lithuania, and it reveals that this phytoplasma is more widespread geographically than previously appreciated. This is also the first report of phytoplasma subgroup 16SrI-A in pine trees.

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The Family Acholeplasmataceae (Including Phytoplasmas)

Martini

Marcone

Lee³

et al. 2014

The Prokaryotes

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The family Acholeplasmataceae was originally established to\ud accommodate the genus Acholeplasma, comprising the mollicutes that\ud could be cultivated without the supplement of cholesterol and that\ud use UGA as a stop codon instead of coding for tryptophan. It was\ud later shown that the phytoplasmas, a large group of uncultivable,\ud wall-less, non-helical mollicutes that are associated with plants and\ud insects, shared taxonomically relevant properties with members of the\ud genus Acholeplasma. Being not cultivable in vitro in axenic culture, the\ud phytoplasmas could not be classified using the standards used for other\ud mollicutes and are named using the category of Candidatus, as “Ca.\ud Phytoplasma.”\ud Although phytoplasmas are associated with habitats and ecology\ud different from acholeplasmas, the two genera Acholeplasma and\ud “Candidatus Phytoplasma” are phylogenetically related and form a\ud distinct clade within the Mollicutes. The persisting inability to grow\ud the phytoplasmas in vitro hinders the identification of their distinctive\ud phenotypic traits, important criteria for mollicute classification. Until\ud supplemental phenotypic traits become available, the genus “Candidatus\ud Phytoplasma” is designated, on the basis of phylogeny, as a tentative\ud member in the family Acholeplasmataceae. Phylogenetic analysis based\ud on gene sequences, in particular, ribosomal sequences, has provided\ud the major supporting evidence for the composition and taxonomic\ud subdivision of this group of organisms with diverse habitats and ecology\ud and has become the mainstream for the Acholeplasmataceae systematics.\ud However, without the ability to determine phenotypic properties, the\ud circumscription of related species among the non culturable members of\ud the family remains a major issue.\ud The genus Acholeplasma comprises 14 species predominantly associated\ud with animals and isolated from mammalian fluids but regarded as not\ud normally pathogenic. Conversely, the genus “Ca. Phytoplasma” includes\ud plant pathogens of major economic relevance worldwide. To date, 36\ud “Ca. Phytoplasma species” have been described

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New natural host plants of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ in Poland and the Czech Republic

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Forest Decline Triggered by Phloem Parasitism-Related Biotic Factors in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis)

Forest Decline Triggered by Phloem Parasitism-Related Biotic Factors in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis)

Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania

The Family Acholeplasmataceae (Including Phytoplasmas)

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