New Insights into the Role of Sex Steroid Hormones in Pregnancy: Possible Therapeutic Approach by Sex Steroid Hormones for the Treatment of Both Preeclampsia and Preterm Labor

Abstract

Fetal peptide hormones are essential for the development of fetus, which increase in accordance with pregnancy term. Concentration of these hormones within the feto-placental unit is normally higher than that of maternal circulation. Since these hormones are biologically active, the leakage of these hormones into the maternal circulation is regulated by degradation activity by placental aminopeptidases, in order to maintain the balance between carriage of pregnancy and onset of labor.Because the concentration of these hormones, being regulated by the amount of endogenous production and by physiological degradation by enzymes in the blood and tissue, the balance between production and degradation is a definitive element for maintaining normal gestation and term delivery.The changes of the balance between fetal angiotensin II (A-II) and vasopressin (AVP) andA-II and AVP degrading enzymes, between aminopeptidase A (APA) and placental leucine aminopeptidase( P-LAP) - in the placenta and maternal blood due to fetal stress such as hypoxia - are the provable causes of preeclampsia or preterm labor.Induction of APA and P-LAP by estradiol benzoate (E2) and progesterone (P) from placenta has been demonstrated. They are involved in the regulation of fetal peptide hormones via placental aminopeptidases in homeostasis of pregnancy.Recently it was shown that both APA and P-LAP could be potentially safe and effective drugs for preeclampsia and preterm labor. The authors' proposed sex steroid treatment with dose increasing manner by gestational week (sex steroid treatment) for severe preeclampsia and preterm labor could be candidates replacing conventional treatments. In light of lacking safe and effective medication, the proposed sex steroid treatment is worthwhile for the prospective controlled studies for the treatment of both preeclampsia and preterm labor.

Urinary sex steroid hormone and placental leucine aminopeptidase concentration differences between live births and stillbirth of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

“…Furthermore, it has been shown that these hormones promote increased maternal serum PLAP activities in pregnant rats. 32 In this study, the E 1 G concentration in female D was particularly lower during late pregnancy, that is, from the 6th to 8th gestational months. On the other hand, PdG concentration of female D was not significantly different compared with the other females who gave live births.…”

“…Therefore, the hormone profiles are believed to reflect the functioning of the ovaries (ie, the corpus luteum of pregnancy) and placenta. Furthermore, it has been shown that these hormones promote increased maternal serum PLAP activities in pregnant rats . In this study, the E 1 G concentration in female D was particularly lower during late pregnancy, that is, from the 6th to 8th gestational months.…”

Effects of compound Danshen injection combined with magnesium sulfate on serum MPO and hs-CRP in patients with severe preeclampsia

“…Compound Danshen injection can improve the metabolic dysfunction caused by cell ischemia ( 16 ). Mizutani et al showed that the combination of magnesium sulfate and compound Danshen injection can effectively improve renal function and blood coagulation in patients with PE ( 17 ). In this study, effects of compound Danshen injection combined with magnesium sulfate on serum levels of MPO and hs-CRP in patients with severe PE were explored.…”