New Insights into the Evolution of Metazoan Tyrosinase Gene Family

Esposito, Roberto; D’Aniello, Salvatore; Squarzoni, Paola; Pezzotti, M.; Ristoratore, Filomena

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035731

Cited by 44 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…We used the same tyrp1/2a enhancer14 to express FGFR DN , Ets:VP16 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) and FAC-sort a9.49 cells and their progeny as GFP + cells (Fig. 2d,e).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibroblast growth factor signalling controls nervous system patterning and pigment cell formation in Ciona intestinalis

et al. 2014

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During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), combinations of transcription factors and signalling molecules orchestrate patterning, specification and differentiation of neural cell types. In vertebrates, three types of melanin-containing pigment cells, exert a variety of functional roles including visual perception. Here we analysed the mechanisms underlying pigment cell specification within the CNS of a simple chordate, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Ciona tadpole larvae exhibit a basic chordate body plan characterized by a small number of neural cells. We employed lineage-specific transcription profiling to characterize the expression of genes downstream of fibroblast growth factor signalling, which govern pigment cell formation. We demonstrate that FGF signalling sequentially imposes a pigment cell identity at the expense of anterior neural fates. We identify FGF-dependent and pigment cell-specific factors, including the small GTPase, Rab32/38 and demonstrated its requirement for the pigmentation of larval sensory organs.

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“…We used the same tyrp1/2a enhancer14 to express FGFR DN , Ets:VP16 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) and FAC-sort a9.49 cells and their progeny as GFP + cells (Fig. 2d,e).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibroblast growth factor signalling controls nervous system patterning and pigment cell formation in Ciona intestinalis

et al. 2014

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“…TYRP1 (9p23) encodes Tyrosinase-related proteins derived from Tyrosinase but showing distinct key residues in the catalytic domain, and constituting an invention of chordate lineage [128].…”

Section: Tyr Tyrp1 and Dctmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colorful DNA polymorphisms in humans

Liu

Wen

Kayser

2013

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

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a b s t r a c tIn this review article we summarize current knowledge on how variation on the DNA level influences human pigmentation including color variation of iris, hair, and skin. We review recent progress in the field of human pigmentation genetics by focusing on the genes and DNA polymorphisms discovered to be involved in determining human pigmentation traits, their association with diseases particularly skin cancers, and their power to predict human eye, hair, and skin colors with potential utilization in forensic investigations.

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“…The evolution of tyrosinase and its related proteins that comprise the type-3 copper protein superfamily has been poorly investigated outside the Mollusca, although lineage-specific expansions have been reported in other non-molluscan species (Esposito et al 2012). This will be the focus of research in the next chapter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As outlined in Chapter 3, tyrosinases also contribute to calcified structures, such as molluscan shells (Nagai et al 2007, Mann et al 2012, Marie et al 2012b, Zhang et al 2012. Despite the broad distribution and importance of type-3 copper proteins, the evolution of this superfamily has only been studied in detail in plants (catechol oxidases) and specific animal lineages, including chordates (tyrosinases and tyrosinase relatedproteins), arthropods (tyrosinases and hemocyanins) (Morrison et al 1994, Sturm et al 1995, Burmester and Scheller 1996, Decker and Terwilliger 2000, Lieb et al 2001, Burmester 2002, Camacho-Hubner et al 2002, Esposito et al 2012, Tran et al 2012) and molluscs (tyrosinases) (Chapter 3).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In chordates, gene structure and phylogenetic analyses suggest that tyrosinase arose from a single ancestral gene (Jackson 1994, Morrison et al 1994, Sturm et al 1995 that duplicated before the divergence of urochordate and vertebrate lineages (Sato and Yamamoto 2001), leading to genes encoding tyrosinase and tyrosinase related-proteins. The latter then duplicated early in vertebrate evolution, giving rise to tyrosinase related-proteins 1 and 2 (Morrison et al 1994, Camacho-Hubner et al 2002, Esposito et al 2012. In chordates, tyrosinase related-proteins are grouped within the vertebrate tyrosinase gene family, although not all these genes have tyrosinase activity (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

Aguilera¹

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Since the emergence of shell-bearing molluscs in the Early Cambrian, diverse shell forms have evolved. Modern molluscs are renowned for a highly complex and robust shell, which is the product of the orchestrated expression of genes and secretion of a large number of proteins and other macromolecules from the epithelium of a specialised organ called the mantle. Molluscan shells display remarkable morphological diversity, structure and ornamentation, however the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution and formation of the shell remain largely unknown. In this thesis, I seek to investigate the nature of the mantle transcriptome focussing on the timing of origin of genes expressed in the mantle and the evolutionary history of gene families that encode secreted proteins in representatives of bivalve and gastropod species.First, by comparative transcriptomics of the mantle, I determined the origin and evolution of gene families expressed in this organ. Gene origin analyses show that most genes expressed in the mantle are taxon-restricted innovations (i.e. unique to a particular species), although a large number of genes arose along the stems leading to the bilaterian and molluscan last common ancestors. Focussing on gene families that encode secreted proteins that are likely to be embedded within the shell and/or to regulate shell construction, I found that these are comprised of both ancient and lineage-specific gene families. The evolution of these gene families is highly dynamic with prolific gene family gains and losses over evolutionary time. By comparing sequences, I also detected indications of positively selected gene families over molluscan evolution. These gene families show unique patterns of enrichment of protein domains, and presumably molecular functions, that are taxa-specific, suggesting that bivalves and gastropods use almost completely different secretory repertoire to construct their shells.I then focused on an ancient gene family expressed in the molluscan mantles -the tyrosinase gene family -to understand how a conserved gene family has been co-opted into the biomineralisation pathway. I found no evidence of large-scale expansion of tyrosinase genes in gastropods, whereas tyrosinase genes in bivalves have undergone substantial independent gene expansions in at least two lineages (Pinctada spp. and Crassostrea gigas), and that the resulting gene duplicates have been co-opted into the mantle gene regulatory network. Many of the tyrosinase genes are found in clusters within the genomes and are expressed at relatively high levels in the mantle. Detailed 3 comparisons of tyrosinase gene expression in different regions of the mantle in two closely related pearl oysters, P. maxima and P. margaritifera, reveal that recently evolved orthologous genes have unique expression profiles across the mantle with high expression levels at the distal mantle edge, suggesting roles in colouration and/or prismatic shell layer construction. Differences in expression levels are consistent with the rapid evo...

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New Insights into the Evolution of Metazoan Tyrosinase Gene Family

Cited by 44 publications

References 62 publications

Fibroblast growth factor signalling controls nervous system patterning and pigment cell formation in Ciona intestinalis

Fibroblast growth factor signalling controls nervous system patterning and pigment cell formation in Ciona intestinalis

Colorful DNA polymorphisms in humans

Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

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