New insights into sodium phenylbutyrate as a pharmacotherapeutic option for neurological disorders

Abstract

Neurological disorders (NDs) are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems that affect more than one billion people worldwide. The risk of developing an ND increases with age due to the vulnerability of the different organs and systems to genetic, environmental, and social changes that consequently cause motor and cognitive deficits that disable the person from their daily activities and individual and social productivity. Intrinsic factors (genetic factors, age, gender) and extrinsic factors (addictions, infections, or lifestyle) favor the persistence of systemic inflammatory processes that contribute to the evolution of NDs. Neuroinflammation is recognized as a common etiopathogenic factor of ND. The study of new pharmacological options for the treatment of ND should focus on improving the characteristic symptoms and attacking specific molecular targets that allow the delay of damage processes such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cellular metabolic dysfunction, and deregulation of transcriptional processes. In this review, we describe the possible role of sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy, aging, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; in addition, we describe the mechanism of action of NaPB and its beneficial effects that have been shown in various in vivo and in vitro studies to delay the evolution of any ND.

Heavy Metals Interactions with Neuroglia and Gut Microbiota: Implications for Huntington’s Disease

“…High levels of heavy metals via their interaction with the GM and induction of dysbiosis, can also promote neuroinflammation and hence indirectly contribute to HD pathology (Figure 1). Understanding the intricate coordination of the GBA and specific effect of each heavy metal on this axis, may provide further therapeutic intervention in this devastating disease [149][150][151].…”