New Generation of Gold Nanoshell-Coated Esophageal Stent: Preparation and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Esophageal cancer is one of the six most common cancers in the world, constituting ∼7% of the gastrointestinal cancers. Esophageal stents can be inserted into the esophagus to open the pathway as a palliative treatment for advanced esophageal cancer. For the treatment of esophageal cancer, a series of anticancer drug-loaded stents such as paclitaxel or 5-fluorouracil/esophageal stent combinations have been prepared by covering a nitinol stent with a polymer or hydrogel shell. For the first time, we developed a gold nanoshell (AuNS)-coated stent with high photothermal efficiency and used in the repetitive photothermal therapy of esophageal cancer. The functionalized stent was prepared by using surface-coated polydopamine as the Au anchor and template. The thickness of the AuNS can be easily adjusted by controlling the reaction time and amount of Au. The AuNS-coated stent efficiently increased the temperature of pork and porcine intestines irradiated with a near-infrared (NIR) laser. The deep penetration of the NIR laser and excellent stability of the stent provide opportunity for the clinical applications of the newly functionalized stent. In vitro toxicity experiments showed excellent biocompatibility and safety of this device. Compared with bare metal stent, AuNS-modified stent exhibits great potential to open the duct passageway and suppress tumor growth in future clinical applications.

NIR‐Triggered Crystal Phase Transformation of NiTi‐Layered Double Hydroxides Films for Localized Chemothermal Tumor Therapy

“…Near‐infrared (NIR)‐induced photothermal therapy is another treatment against tumor which has drawn tremendous attention due to its minimal invasiveness, spatiotemporal addressability, and high therapeutic efficiency. Some stents with photothermal effects have been designed and show preferable tumor inhibition effect . However, previous studies show that thermotherapy cannot eradicate tumor because of the inhomogeneous heat distribution within tumor tissues, resulting in inevitable tumor recurrence and metastasis .…”

Ag2S nanocrystallites deposited over polyamidoamine grafted carbon nanotubes: An efficient NIR active photothermal agent

“…To calculate the value of hS, a dimensionless driving force of temperature, θ is introduced and scaled using the maximum system temperature, T max and the surrounding temperature, T surr θ = T − T surr T max − T surr (2) and the sample system time constant, τs was evaluated using the following equation 3t = − τs ln θ (3) The value of τs was calculated by Figs. 5 and 6, and using its value, the unknown parameter, hS was evaluated with the help of following equation 4.…”

“…The conventional clinical therapies presently in use to destroy cancer cells such as surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiotherapy persist with series of critical barriers like lower efficacy and higher toxicity [1,2]. On account of sequenced challenges associated with classical therapies use of near infrared (NIR) light-triggered therapy (photothermal therapy, PTT) has gained recent attention owing to its uncompromised benefits viz., noninvasiveness, safety, and efficiency, [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The PTT consists of conversion of photon energy into thermal energy in presence of a photo-absorbing agent called photothermal agent under exposure to NIR radiations [9][10][11].…”

“…After delivery of photothermal agent into tumor or cancerous cells results in transfer of NIR radiations into thermal energy, elevate local temperature of cancer cell, and ablaze [12,13]. PTT is a promising therapeutic method to treat cancer owing to its efficiency, accuracy and safety [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Additional is use of NIR radiations as this light is considered to be safer light source imposing negligible damage to normal tissues, deeper tissue penetration, and higher precise spatial/temporal resolution of body tissue [3,14,15].…”

“…Therefore, success of PTT relies exclusively on photothermal agent executed in therapy. To this contest, series of nanomaterials have been designed and their suitability as photothermal transducers in terms of photothermal effect (PTE) under exposure to NIR radiations were reported [3][4][5][6][7][8]16]. Among reported photothermal agents, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are especially interesting due to their unique physical and chemical properties, and excellent biocompatibility [17][18][19][20].…”