“…The single pass methods, which can be found in Tables 2-7, are : nonequal channel angular pressing /channel angular deformation (CAD) [116,117], double change channel angular pressing [118], ECAP forward extrusion (ECAP-FE) [231], forward extrusion ECAP (FE-ECAP) [232], incremental angular splitting [119], torsion extrusion [240,241], vortex Extrusion (VE) [188,189], variable cross-section direct extrusion (CVCDE) [190,191], gradiation extrusion [192,193], integrated extrusion [194], compound extrusion [195], compound twist extrusion/C-TE (TE+Ext.) [243], alternate extrusion (AE) [196], large strain machining [120] and large strain extrusion machining (LSEM) [245]. It is noted that among all SPD method, friction stir processing (FSP) [144,145] can be categorized as a single-pass or multi-pass process.…”