New Exfoliative Toxin Produced by a Plasmid-Carrying Strain of
            <i>Staphylococcus hyicus</i>

Sato, Hisaaki; Watanabe, Takao; Murata, Yoshifumi; Ohtake, Ayumi; Nakamura, Mayumi; Aizawa, Chikara; Saito, Hiroshi; Maehara, Nobutoshi

doi:10.1128/iai.67.8.4014-4018.1999

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In Staphylococcus hyicus, five isoforms of ETs (SHETB, ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD) have been reported, whose amino acid sequences are homologous to those of S. aureus ETs (Sato et al, 1999;Ahrens & Andresen, 2004). Among the five isoforms of S. hyicus ETs, the four Exh isoforms were primarily isolated from S. hyicus causing exudative epidermitis in pigs (Futagawa-Saito et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a novel Staphylococcus pseudintermedius exfoliative toxin gene and its prevalence in isolates from canines with pyoderma and healthy dogs

Iyori

Hisatsune

Kawakami

et al. 2010

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins are involved in some cutaneous infections in mammals by targeting desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), a desmosomal cell-cell adhesion molecule. Recently, an exfoliative toxin gene (exi) was identified in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from canine pyoderma. The aim of this study was to identify novel exfoliative toxin genes in S. pseudintermedius. Here, we describe a novel orf in the genome of S. pseudintermedius isolated from canine impetigo, whose deduced amino acid sequence was homologous to that of the SHETB exfoliative toxin from Staphylococcus hyicus (70.4%). The ORF recombinant protein caused skin exfoliation and abolished cell surface staining of Dsg1 in canine skin. Moreover, the ORF protein degraded the recombinant extracellular domains of canine Dsg1, but not Dsg3, in vitro. PCR analysis revealed that the orf was present in 23.2% (23/99) of S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs with superficial pyoderma exhibiting various clinical phenotypes, while the occurrence in S. pseudintermedius isolates from healthy dogs was 6.1% (3/49). In summary, this newly found orf in S. pseudintermedius encodes a novel exfoliative toxin, which targets a cell-cell adhesion molecule in canine epidermis and might be involved in a broad spectrum of canine pyoderma.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a novel Staphylococcus pseudintermedius exfoliative toxin gene and its prevalence in isolates from canines with pyoderma and healthy dogs

Iyori

Hisatsune

Kawakami

et al. 2010

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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“…Two toxins isolated in Japan were designated SHETA and SHETB, 15,16 whereas four toxins isolated in Denmark were designated ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD 4,17,18 . Previous studies demonstrated that injection of both Japanese isolates to 1‐day old chickens resulted in skin exfoliation, and that the inoculation of SHET‐producing strains of S. hyicus into piglets caused skin lesions similar to EE 5,19,20 . Deduced amino acid sequence analysis revealed that all four isoforms of Exh as well as SHETB show amino acid sequence similarity with ETA, ETB and ETD, including those in the active site of serine proteases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning of swine desmoglein 1 and its direct proteolysis by Staphylococcus hyicus exfoliative toxins isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Nishifuji

Fudaba

Yamaguchi

et al. 2005

Veterinary Dermatology

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Exudative epidermitis (EE) is an acute, often fatal skin disease of piglets caused by Staphylococcus hyicus. Clinical and histopathological manifestations of EE are similar to those of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), a human blistering skin disease, in which exfoliative toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus digest the extracellular domains of desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and cause loss of epidermal cell-cell adhesion. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize cDNA for full length of swine Dsg1, and to determine whether the extracellular domains of swine Dsg1 produced by baculovirus (sDsg1-His) could be digested by four isoforms of exfoliative toxin produced by S. hyicus (ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD). Nucleotide sequencing revealed that swine Dsg1 cDNA consisted of an open reading frame of 3138 bp, encoding a precursor protein of 1045 amino acids. Deduced amino acid sequence of the swine Dsg1 precursor were highly homologous to corresponding bovine, canine, human and murine sequences. Immunoadsorption assay with a secreted form of sDsg1-His revealed that sDsg1-His specifically absorbs the immunoreactivity of 10 human pemphigus foliaceus sera against swine keratinocyte cell surfaces, suggesting its proper conformation. When sDsg1-His was incubated in vitro with Exhs, all four isoforms of Exh directly digested sDsg1-His into smaller peptides, whereas removal of calcium from sDsg1-His completely inhibited its proteolysis by these four Exhs. Recognition and digestion of calcium-stabilized structure on the extracellular domains of swine Dsg1 by Exhs indicated that EE shares similar molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of intra-epidermal splitting with SSSS in humans.

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“…ETB is found on plasmids that vary in size from approximately 35 to 60 kilobases, yet the genetic organization of these plasmids appears to be conserved ( Figure 2B) (48). Interestingly, the exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus hycius, SHETA and SHETB, which are associated with exudative epidermitis in pigs and chickens, are similar to ETA and ETB -SHETA is produced by plasmid-free strains, while SHETB production is dependent on the presence of a large plasmid (49,50).…”

Section: Exfoliative Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Plasmids of Nonsporulating Gram-Positive Pathogens

Pillar

Gilmore

2014

Plasmid Biology

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Gram-positive bacteria are leading causes of many types of human infection, including pneumonia, skin and nasopharyngeal infections, as well as urinary tract and surgical wound infections among hospitalized patients. These infections have become particularly problematic because many of the species causing them have become highly resistant to antibiotics. The role of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria has been well studied; less well understood is the role of mobile elements in the evolution and spread of virulence traits among these pathogens. While these organisms are leading agents of infection, they are also prominent members of the human commensal ecology. It appears that these bacteria are able to take advantage of the intimate association between host and commensal, via virulence traits that exacerbate infection and cause disease. However, evolution into an obligate pathogen has not occurred, presumably because it would lead to rejection of pathogenic organisms from the host ecology. Instead, in organisms that exist as both commensal and pathogen, selection has favored the development of mechanisms for variability. As a result, many virulence traits are localized on mobile genetic elements, such as virulence plasmids and pathogenicity islands. Virulence traits may occur within a minority of isolates of a given species, but these minority populations have nonetheless emerged as a leading problem in infectious disease. This chapter reviews virulence plasmids in nonsporulating Gram-positive bacteria, and examines their contribution to disease pathogenesis. VIRULENCE PLASMIDS IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS S. aureus-virulence and pathogenesis Infection with S. aureus can result in a wide variety of diseases, including wound infections, toxic shock, food poisoning, endocarditis, pneumonia, and septicemia (1). Virulence and drug resistance often occur together, as recent outbreak strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) also produce a number of different virulence factors (2). It is perhaps not surprising that a bacterium capable of causing such a wide array of diseases possesses a diverse repertoire of virulence factors. A consequence of this versatility is that the pathogenesis of S. aureus is usually multifactorial (3). S. aureus is capable of producing a number of extracellular toxins, including cytolytic toxins (α-toxin, β-toxin, γ-toxin), enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), and exfoliative toxins. Although staphylococcal virulence is seldom attributable to one factor alone, different toxins have been linked to different types of staphylococcal infection. For example, staphylococcal enterotoxins are associated with food poisoning (4, 5

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New Exfoliative Toxin Produced by a Plasmid-Carrying Strain of Staphylococcus hyicus

Cited by 29 publications

References 27 publications

Identification of a novel Staphylococcus pseudintermedius exfoliative toxin gene and its prevalence in isolates from canines with pyoderma and healthy dogs

Identification of a novel Staphylococcus pseudintermedius exfoliative toxin gene and its prevalence in isolates from canines with pyoderma and healthy dogs

Cloning of swine desmoglein 1 and its direct proteolysis by Staphylococcus hyicus exfoliative toxins isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Virulence Plasmids of Nonsporulating Gram-Positive Pathogens

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