New Estimates of the Mean Ethanol Content of Beer, Wine, and Spirits Sold in the United States Show a Greater Increase in Per Capita Alcohol Consumption than Previous Estimates

Martínez, Priscilla; Kerr, William C.; Subbaraman, Meenakshi S.; Roberts, Sarah C. M.

doi:10.1111/acer.13958

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These price increases worked against the increase in stores selling spirits from 333 to around 1600, resulting in little change in spirits or total alcohol intake per person . US per capita alcohol intake and spirits consumption were both rising during this period . There was also a significant increase in cross‐border purchasing from Idaho and Oregon, although this amounted to only a quarter of 1% of Washington's yearly sales .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in spirits purchasing behaviours after privatisation of government‐controlled sales in Washington, USA

Kerr

Greenfield

2019

Drug and Alcohol Review

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Introduction and Aims The privatisation of the Washington Liquor Monopoly in 2012 offered a unique opportunity to study spirits purchasing behaviour changes from a government to licensed system. Design and Methods Four representative cross‐sectional surveys of adults aged 18 and older in Washington state were recruited between January 2014 and October 2015 (Wave 1, N = 1202; W2, N = 804; W3, N = 823; W4, N = 662). Analyses compared spirits purchasing behaviours before privatisation from retrospective reports to current reports in the areas of travel distance, spirits quality, purchase frequency and size of bottle. Respondents also directly reported on changes in convenience, selection and prices. Results No significant changes were found in these aspects of purchasing. However, subgroup analyses found that younger drinkers 18–29 reduced travel distance and increased purchase frequency while drinkers aged 50 and older travelled further. Reduced travel distances were associated with grocery and drug stores while increased travel distances were associated with liquor superstores, wholesale stores and government stores in bordering states. Respondents reported that liquor purchasing was more convenient after privatisation but that the selection of spirits was better and prices were lower in the government‐controlled stores. Discussion and Conclusions The government monopoly stores were viewed as offering a wider selection of products and as having lower prices than those in the privatised system. The variety of store types in the licensed system allowed drinkers to select stores based on convenience, selection or prices, so that travel times increased for some buyers, presumably those seeking lower prices or a wider selection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in spirits purchasing behaviours after privatisation of government‐controlled sales in Washington, USA

Kerr

Greenfield

2019

Drug and Alcohol Review

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“…(i) Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa, measured at least 3 times); (ii) dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol (TC) > 5.2 mmol/L, or triglyceride (TG) > 1.7 mmol/L; (iii) diabetes was defined as diabetes symptoms + fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or random blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, and 2 h blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTY) (at least two times); (iv) the patients that were defined as smokers were those who smoked at least 100 cigarettes (five packs) in their entire life; and (v) binge drinking was defined as heavy drinking with a daily alcohol intake of 80 grams and more for over 5 years, ethanol content (g) = alcohol consumption (mL) × ethanol concentration (%) × 0.8.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between an ABO Blood Group and Primary Femoral Head Necrosis: A Case–Control Study

Yang

Zeng

et al. 2020

Orthopaedic Surgery

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between primary femoral head necrosis (ONFH) and an ABO blood group.Methods: This study was a retrospective case-control trial. An analysis of the clinical data of an ABO blood group with 516 patients (case group) with ONFH and 489 limb-fracture patients (control group) without previous hip pain was obtained from the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from November 2015 to November 2018. The clinical data included gender, age, height, weight, a history of smoking, alcohol abuse, prior medical history, hormone use, and ABO blood type. A logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: From November 2015 to November 2018, there were 267 males and 249 females in the 516 cases of ONFH in the case group. The control group included 289 males and 200 females. In terms of age, the average age of the case group was significantly lower than that of the control group. In terms of body mass index (BMI), the BMI of the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). From the previous medical history of patients in the two groups (coronary heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease), there was no significant difference between the two groups from a statistical perspective (P < 0.05). However, according to the risk factors of ONFH (smoking, alcohol abuse, hyperlipidemia, and hormone-use history), there were significant differences between the case group and the control group. There was no statistical difference in the quantitative distribution ratio of the four blood types -A, B, O, and ABbetween the case group and the control group. The outcomes of logistic multiple regression analysis presented that there was no significant correlation between the occurrence of ONFH and blood type A, B, AB, and O (P > 0.05). However, there are significant differences in the disease progression between the different blood types. There was a significant difference in the progression of disease between type A and type O. Among them, patients with ONFH and type A blood had the fastest progression with an average of 2.318 years, and the slowest progression was found in type O blood with an average of 5.15 years. Conclusions:The ABO blood group has no correlation with the occurrence of ONFH, but the ABO blood type is closely related to the disease progression of ONFH.

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“…PCC measures total ethanol (EtOH) from wine, beer, and liquor sales for each state, averaged by population aged 15 and older. PCC measures were recently estimated applying a sales‐weighted mean % alcohol by volume (%ABV; Kerr et al, ; Martinez et al, ). Recent work has shown that a time‐varying measure of the %ABV in the calculation of PCC improves precision (Martinez et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCC measures were recently estimated applying a sales‐weighted mean % alcohol by volume (%ABV; Kerr et al, ; Martinez et al, ). Recent work has shown that a time‐varying measure of the %ABV in the calculation of PCC improves precision (Martinez et al, ). Thus, PCC estimates based on time‐variant %ABV, as used here, are a valuable resource with which to make corrections to potential undercoverage in survey data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Alcohol Measures

Subbaraman

Martínez

et al. 2020

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background: Valid measurement of alcohol use can be difficult in surveys, which are subject to biases like underreporting and differential nonresponse. Still, monitoring trends, policy impacts, disparities, and related issues all require valid individual-and state-level drinking data collected over time.Here, we propose a double-adjustment approach for improving the validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) alcohol measures.Methods: Validity analyses of the 1999 to 2016 BRFSS, a general population survey of U.S. adults. Measures are aggregated to state level for N = 918 observations, single-adjusted for BRFSS methodologic changes, and double-adjusted by per capita consumption. Fixed-effects models: (i) assess predictive validity using adjusted BRFSS drink volume to predict mortality outcomes and (ii) assess outcome validity using state-level alcohol taxes to predict adjusted BRFSS volume.Results: Neither the raw nor the single-adjusted BRFSS drinking measures were related to mortality in the expected direction, while double-adjusted BRFSS volume and 5+ days were significantly positively related to mortality, as expected. Spirits and beer taxes were not related to single-adjusted BRFSS drinking in the expected direction. However, spirits and beer taxes were both significantly related to double-adjusted BRFSS volume in the expected directions.Conclusions: Future studies should consider using the double-adjusted BRFSS measures to ensure the validity of drinking survey data in analyses where variation over time is considered.

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New Estimates of the Mean Ethanol Content of Beer, Wine, and Spirits Sold in the United States Show a Greater Increase in Per Capita Alcohol Consumption than Previous Estimates

Cited by 31 publications

References 28 publications

Changes in spirits purchasing behaviours after privatisation of government‐controlled sales in Washington, USA

Changes in spirits purchasing behaviours after privatisation of government‐controlled sales in Washington, USA

Correlation between an ABO Blood Group and Primary Femoral Head Necrosis: A Case–Control Study

Improving the Validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Alcohol Measures

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