“…In contemporary Chinese education, moral and political education tend to be taught under one heading, concerning personal behavior in both the private and public world and incorporating ideology, history, and the maintenance of the state (Li, Zhong, & Lin, 2004). The primary purpose of the curriculum is to promote patriotism, collectivism, and socialism (Liu, 1998; Meyer, 1990; Pan, 2013; Qin, 2013; Tan, 2013). Even with the reform in 2003 to include the teaching of individualism, consumerism, pro-social behaviors, and humanistic values, its central theme and the official narratives are still constructed to strengthen secondary students’ trust and loyalty toward the Party and the government (Kennedy et al, 2013; Li et al, 2004; Lu & Gao, 2004; Zhu & Liu, 2004).…”