Abstract:The pH of wound fluid has long been recognized as an important diagnostic for assessing wound condition, but as yet there are few technological options available to the clinician. The availability of sensors that can measure wound pH, either in the clinic or at home could significantly improve clinical outcome - particularly in the early identification of complications such as infection. New material designs and electrochemical research strategies that are being targeted at wound diagnostics are identified and… Show more
“…[25][26] The AgNR sheets could also function as wireless wear monitors for infrastructure and components that have a finite lifetime, or they could monitor a container's handling during shipping. Finally, this proof-of-concept report investigated AgNRs embedded in a flexible polymer, PDMS, which is well-suited for monitoring human-centric activities.…”
We describe the fabrication and properties of flexible, anisotropic silver nanorod sheets and investigate their potential to function as a sensor. Aligned and tilted silver nanorod (AgNR) arrays are incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to form flexible conductive sheets. The electrical properties of these sheets are investigated and show large anisotropies, which are related to the alignment direction of the nanorods. Notably, the films show the greatest electrical resistance in the direction perpendicular to the nanorod alignment, and when strain is applied along this direction, the resistance increases monotonically with increasing loading/unloading cycles. In comparison, the resistance along the nanorod alignment direction remains constant over many strain cycles, and therefore, can serve as an internal reference or as a stable strain-gauge. These changes in resistivity are attributed to changes in the inter-nanorod connectivity and can be modeled using an effective medium approximation for anisotropic percolation. Stable piezoresistivity (in one orientation) and surface enhanced Raman scattering activity of the AgNR sheets make them attractive for flexible electronics applications such as electronic skin or as monitors for human-machine interactions. However, the ability to encode a surface's dynamic history into material properties through resistance changes is a considerable simplification over other systems and can enable wireless activity monitoring where cost or demanding environments prevent more complicated devices from being implemented.
“…[25][26] The AgNR sheets could also function as wireless wear monitors for infrastructure and components that have a finite lifetime, or they could monitor a container's handling during shipping. Finally, this proof-of-concept report investigated AgNRs embedded in a flexible polymer, PDMS, which is well-suited for monitoring human-centric activities.…”
We describe the fabrication and properties of flexible, anisotropic silver nanorod sheets and investigate their potential to function as a sensor. Aligned and tilted silver nanorod (AgNR) arrays are incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to form flexible conductive sheets. The electrical properties of these sheets are investigated and show large anisotropies, which are related to the alignment direction of the nanorods. Notably, the films show the greatest electrical resistance in the direction perpendicular to the nanorod alignment, and when strain is applied along this direction, the resistance increases monotonically with increasing loading/unloading cycles. In comparison, the resistance along the nanorod alignment direction remains constant over many strain cycles, and therefore, can serve as an internal reference or as a stable strain-gauge. These changes in resistivity are attributed to changes in the inter-nanorod connectivity and can be modeled using an effective medium approximation for anisotropic percolation. Stable piezoresistivity (in one orientation) and surface enhanced Raman scattering activity of the AgNR sheets make them attractive for flexible electronics applications such as electronic skin or as monitors for human-machine interactions. However, the ability to encode a surface's dynamic history into material properties through resistance changes is a considerable simplification over other systems and can enable wireless activity monitoring where cost or demanding environments prevent more complicated devices from being implemented.
“…“Intelligent'' wound dressings respond to specific changes in the wound environment and can dramatically improve patient care pathways and clinical outcomes 43. The global market for this kind of product is estimated to be hundreds of billions USD 44. Chronic wound fluid contains cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, electrolytes, and proteolytic enzymes 34.…”
Section: D Nanocellulose‐based Products For Sensor Designmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[43] The global market for this kind of product is estimated to be hundreds of billions USD. [44] Chronic wound fluid contains cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, electrolytes, and proteolytic enzymes. [34] Among various systems for wound monitoring, protease biomarkers have attracted significant attention.…”
Section: Human Neutrophil Elastase (Hne) Sensormentioning
Sensors are of increasing interest since they can be applied to daily life in different areas from various industrial sectors. As a natural nanomaterial, nanocellulose plays a vital role in the development of novel sensors, particularly in the context of constructing multidimensional architectures. This review summarizes the utilization of nanocellulose including cellulose nanofibers, cellulose nanocrystals, and bacterial cellulose for sensor design, mainly focusing on the influence of nanocellulose on the sensing performance of these sensors. Special attention is paid to nanocellulose in different forms (1D, 2D, and 3D) to highlight the impact of nanocellulose constructed structures. The aim is to provide a critical review on the most recent progress (especially after 2017) related to nanocellulose‐containing sensors, since there are significantly increasing research activities in this area. Moreover, the outlook for the development of nanocellulose‐containing sensors is also provided at the end of this work.
“…Wound pH and uric acid play a vital role in cell to cell interaction in wound healing. Change in pH is a good indicator of wound healing whereas a sudden alkalotic pH followed by a gradual decrease in pH to a steady-state value around 5-6 indicates proper wound healing [73]. UA concentration tends to be decreased in chronic wounds due to the increase of infection and bacterial consumption of UA [82].…”
Section: Biochemical Markersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[ 10,78] Wound pH Remains more alkalotic for extended period of time [73] Uric Acid Decreased levels due to bacteria [82] Reactive Oxygen Species Increased levels due to oxidative stress [75] Gene Expression Increase in bacterial housekeeping genes; decrease in ulcer housekeeping genes.…”
Given their severity and non-healing nature, diabetic chronic wounds are a significant concern to the 30.3 million Americans diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (2015). Peripheral arterial diseases, neuropathy, and infection contribute to the development of these wounds, which lead to an increased incidence of lower extremity amputations. Early recognition, debridement, offloading, and controlling infection are imperative for timely treatment. However, wound characterization and treatment are highly subjective and based largely on the experience of the treating clinician. Many wound dressings have been designed to address particular clinical presentations, but a prescriptive method is lacking for identifying the particular state of chronic, non-healing wounds. The authors suggest that recent developments in wound dressings and biosensing may allow for the quantitative, real-time representation of the wound environment, including exudate levels, pathogen concentrations, and tissue regeneration. Development of such sensing capability could enable more strategic, personalized care at the onset of ulceration and limit the infection leading to amputation. This review presents an overview of the pathophysiology of diabetic chronic wounds, a brief summary of biomaterial wound dressing treatment options, and biosensor development for biomarker sensing in the wound environment.
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