New detection of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mass mortality event of Carassius carassius (L.), in Italy

Cyprinid herpesvirus-2 causing mass mortality in goldfish: applying electron microscopy to histological samples for diagnostic virology

“…It is possible that outbreaks have occurred in the past, but have only recently been documented be cause of the current availability of diagnostic techniques and the residential location of this lake, making reporting more likely. Although CyHV-2 has a wide geographic range, including reports from Europe (Jeffery et al 2007, Daně k et al 2012, Fichi et al 2013), Japan (Jung & Miya zaki 1995), Taiwan (Chang et al 1999), Australia (Stephens et al 2004), and the USA (Goodwin et al 2006a,b), reports in the USA are rare and are usually associated with commercial goldfish operations (Goodwin 2012). Goldfish are an established invasive species in North America, originally introduced in the late 1600s (Courtenay & Stauffer 1990), and are found within many drainages throughout the state of NJ.…”

“…These viruses are highly species-specific, with cyprinid herpes virus-1 (CyHV-1) the cause of carp pox and cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) the cause of koi her pesviral disease, both of which are limited to common carp Cyprinus carpio (Sano et al 1991, Hedrick et al 2000. Cyprinid herpesvirus-2 is the etiological agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHN) and is found in closely related species, including goldfish Carassius auratus (Jeffery et al 2007, Goodwin et al 2009), Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Daně k et al 2012, Xu et al 2013, and crucian carp Carassius carassius (Fichi et al 2013). The CyHVs cause serious mortality in fish; carp pox pro-duces a papillomatous disease in carp fry (Sano et al 1991), and koi herpesvirus can result in massive fish kills in the wild (Hedrick et al 2000, Garver et al 2010.…”

Herpesviral Hematopoietic Necrosis in Goldfish in Switzerland

“…14 In Europe, the virus was first detected in the United Kingdom in 2006, 12 followed by Italy in 2013. 4 There are indications of the presence of the virus in central Europe, such as Germany and Poland; however, these observations are not published yet (Bergmann, personal communication). Clinically, affected goldfish display signs such as apathy, pale gills, increased respiratory rate, and ascites.…”

“…10 Previous diagnoses of HVHN have been based on histologic findings of necrosis of the renal hematopoietic tissue and electron microscopy to detect herpesvirus particles, 2,8,14 while more recent reports relied on histologic findings and PCR assay. 4,6 Our diagnosis of HVHN was based on histologic findings along with PCR results and ISH, while the polymerase gene-specific product shared 100% nucleotide sequence identity with the published sequence for the viral polymerase gene of CyHV-2. 3 Goodwin et al 7 demonstrated that virus DNA is present in most healthy goldfish populations in United States and that mortality occurs when the fishes are subjected to stress along with permissive water temperature.…”

Is There Any Species Specificity in Infections with Aquatic Animal Herpesviruses?–The Koi Herpesvirus (KHV): An Alloherpesvirus Model

“…CyHV-2 or goldfish herpesvirus was first detected in goldfish (Carassius auratus), inducing severe disease outbreaks in those affected populations [18,19]. Recently severe outbreaks of disease with high mortalities were observed in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) [20] and Prussian carp (C. c. gibelio) [21] where CyHV-2 was identified as the disease causing agent. In Germany severe mortality rates were also induced by CyHV-2 in a wild Prussian carp population (Bergmann, pers.…”