New cavitation mechanism of rubber dispersed polystyrene

Okamoto, Yasushi; Miyagi, Hiroshi; Mitsui, Satoshi

doi:10.1021/ma00076a036

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The toughening mechanisms in such composite materials have been reasonably well established in the literature. Specifically, the toughening mechanisms attributed to the presence of such particles includes localized shear deformation in the form of shear bands running between rubber particles 4 -7 and internal cavitation, 8,9 or debonding from the matrix, of rubber particles. 4 -8 Unfortunately, such methods generally do not provide adequate improvements in toughness for highly crosslinked, high-T g epoxies and their composites-materials of particular interest for aerospace and automotive applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid epoxy‐based thermosets based on polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane: Cure behavior and toughening mechanisms

Kim

Qin

Fang

et al. 2003

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

144

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Polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (POSS)-reinforced thermosets based on octaglycidyl epoxy polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane cured with 4,4Ј-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) were prepared and studied for their cure, thermomechanical, and microstructural characteristics. Particular attention was paid to nanometer-scale deformation processes responsible for toughening, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in conjunction with the thermal properties. A cure analysis investigated with calorimetry and rheometry showed a significant dependence of the cure mechanism and kinetics on the DDS content, but all hybrid thermosets reacted completely below 300°C into rigid solids. A dynamic mechanical analysis of this hybrid resin system showed that increasing the DDS concentration used during cure increased the dynamic storage modulus in the glassy (temperature Ͻ glass-transition temperature) and rubbery (temperature Ͼ glass-transition temperature) states, simply through an increase in the crosslink density. The phase structures revealed by TEM with selective POSS staining were drastically affected by the DDS concentration and manifested as altered nanomechanical deformation structures. It was qualitatively found that the main toughening mechanism in the studied POSS-reinforced thermosets was void formation at the nanometer scale, possibly templated by limited POSS aggregation. As the crosslinking density increased with the DDS concentration, microshear yielding between voids prevailed, providing a balance of stiffness, strength, and toughness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid epoxy‐based thermosets based on polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane: Cure behavior and toughening mechanisms

Kim

Qin

Fang

et al. 2003

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

144

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“…It should be noted that the deformation sequence of crazing-then-particle-cavitation was also suggested for HIPS 25 and rubber-toughened poly(vinyl chloride).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…This new mechanism was originally proposed for systems containing butadiene rubber of low molecular weight, but was later found to be applicable to HIPS that contains rubber particles with a rigid shell of another polymer. 25 The absorption of rubber into crazes was suggested to be the main reason causing the rubber particle cavitation. However, this mechanism alone cannot explain what is shown in Figure 4.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubber particle cavitation on toughness enhancement of SMI-modified poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)

Jar

Lee

Shinmura

et al. 1999

J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys.

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“…In general, high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) is prepared by bulk or bulk‐suspension polymerization of styrene containing dissolved PB rubber. It is well known that toughening of polystyrene (PS) works best with either rubber particles of 1–3 µm in size22, 23 or with an adequate combination of large and sub‐micrometer particles 24–26. The presence of sub‐micrometer rubber particles alone is much less effective for toughening without initiating crazing 27…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of sub‐micrometer core–shell rubber particles with 1,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator and deformation mechanisms of modified polystyrene under various conditions

Dai

Gao

Sun

et al. 2009

Polymer International

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BACKGROUND: Sub‐micrometer core‐shell polybutadiene‐graft‐polystyrene (PB‐g‐PS) copolymers with various ratios of polybutadiene (PB) core to polystyrene (PS) shell were synthesized by emulsion grafting polymerization with 1,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. These graft copolymers were blended with PS to prepare PS/PB‐g‐PS with a rubber content of 20 wt%. The mechanical properties, morphologies of the core‐shell rubber particles and deformation mechanisms under various conditions were investigated. RESULTS: Infrared spectroscopic analysis confirmed that PS could be grafted onto the PB rubber particles. The experimental results showed that a specimen with a ‘cluster’ dispersion state of rubber particles in the PS matrix displayed better mechanical properties. Transmission electron micrographs suggested that crazing only occurred from rubber particles and extended in a bridge‐like manner to neighboring rubber particles parallel to the equatorial plane at a high speed for failure specimens, while the interaction between crazing and shear yielding stabilized the growing crazes at a low speed in tensile tests. CONCLUSION: AIBN can be used as an initiator in the graft polymerization of styrene onto PB. The dispersion of rubber particles in a ‘cluster’ state leads to better impact resistance. The deformation mechanism in impact tests was multi‐crazing, and crazing and shear yielding absorbed the energy in tensile experiments. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

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New cavitation mechanism of rubber dispersed polystyrene

Cited by 31 publications

References 1 publication

Hybrid epoxy‐based thermosets based on polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane: Cure behavior and toughening mechanisms

Hybrid epoxy‐based thermosets based on polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane: Cure behavior and toughening mechanisms

Rubber particle cavitation on toughness enhancement of SMI-modified poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)

Synthesis of sub‐micrometer core–shell rubber particles with 1,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator and deformation mechanisms of modified polystyrene under various conditions

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