New Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) Particleboards Using Cardoon Leaf Extract and Citric Acid as Bio-adhesive

Abstract

Cardoon plants are cultivated mostly for the added value of their flowers, used in the cheese industry as a coagulant, but the stalks, branches and leaves are a by-product with no added value. In the present work, totally biosourced particleboards were produced using cardoon particles, bound with an adhesive based on a cardoon leaf extract and citric acid. For that, the highly polyphenolic extract was obtained from the underutilized leaves of the plant. Extraction was performed with water in alkali conditions. The extract was combined with citric acid as crosslinking agent. The effects of the content of cardoon leaf extract and citric acid (0-50% on weight, dry basis) and the pressing temperature were evaluated by Automatic Bonding Evaluation System (ABES). The chemical curing reaction of cardoon leaf extract alone and with citric acid was evaluated by FTIR-ATR. The best formulations were used to produce the bio-adhesive and the cardoon-based particleboards.

Grape Canes (Vitis vinifera L.) Applications on Packaging and Particleboard Industry: New Bioadhesive Based on Grape Extracts and Citric Acid

“…Regarding the values obtained, the higher values of extraction yield were achieved when sodium hydroxide was used as an extraction agent. The extraction yield values obtained were similar to those obtained for other lignocellulosic by-products with high applicability in bioadhesive formulation [ 12 , 14 , 18 , 19 ].…”

“…The internal bond and bending strength values obtained for the 100% biobased particleboards do not comply with the requirements of CEN/TS 16368 Lightweight Particleboards-Specifications for general purpose lightweight boards for use in dry conditions (Type LP1). However, the results were similar to those obtained by other authors for particleboards produced using insect rearing residue and rice husks with starch/citric acid mixture as a natural binder [31], rice husks using soy protein-derived bio-binder [32], and with cardoon stalks using cardoon leaf extract and citric acid as bio-adhesive [14].…”

“…The use of grape canes as wood-substitute has the advantage of reducing the carbon footprint of the end product, due to the use of a fast-growing crop [ 14 ] that is a by-product of the necessary pruning process.…”

“…In particular, considering the packaging of products from the wine industry, the grape cane by-product could be used as source of the particles and of the bioadhesive for the particleboard production. A similar approach was followed before by this research group in the valorisation of cardoon by-products from the cheese industry [ 14 ]. The first step of the study was the extraction process, which was carried out using the alkaline extraction methodology [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Characterization and Application of Non-Formaldehyde Binder Based Citric Acid, Maleic Acid, and Molasses Adhesive for Plywood Composite

“…Notably, CA adhesive has gained widespread recognition and use in the domain of particleboard adhesives. Some of these developments include particleboard from bamboo [42,43], Nypa [44], Salacca [45], Imperata cylindrica [46], rice biomass [47], Washingtonia palm caches [48], giant reed [49], cardoon leaf [50], and rubberwood [51]. Sutiawan et al [37] successfully used non-formaldehyde adhesives such as CA adhesive for Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq), a fast-growing species of plywood.…”