Potential of Nanomaterials in Bio-Based Wood Adhesives: An Overview

Antov, Petar; Lee, Seng Hua; Yadav, Sumit Manohar

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17378-3_2

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…The synthetic resin adhesives applied in wood product manufacturing primarily depend on fossil resources such as urea-formaldehyde resins, phenolic resins, and melamine-formaldehyde resins [ 1 ]. The market for wood adhesives is controlled by formaldehyde-based resins owing to advantages of good water resistance, short pressing times, low cost, and excellent chemical reactivity [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Synthetic resin adhesives are nonrenewable, and wood-based composites prepared from these adhesives release toxic substances, such as free-formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are harmful to individual health, including cancer and sensitization [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lysine on the Interfacial Bonding of Epoxy Resin Cross-Linked Soy-Based Wood Adhesive

et al. 2023

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Soy protein isolate (SPI) is an attractive natural material for preparing wood adhesives that has found broad application. However, poor mechanical properties and unfavorable water resistance of wood composites with SPI adhesive bonds limit its more extensive utilization. The combination of lysine (Lys) with a small molecular structure as a curing agent for modified soy-based wood adhesive allows Lys to penetrate wood pores easily and can result in better mechanical strength of soy protein-based composites, leading to the formation of strong chemical bonds between the amino acid and wood interface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the degree of penetration of the S/G/L-9% adhesive into the wood was significantly increased, the voids, such as ducts of wood at the bonding interface, were filled, and the interfacial bonding ability of the plywood was enhanced. Compared with the pure SPI adhesive, the corresponding wood breakage rate was boosted to 84%. The wet shear strength of the modified SPI adhesive was 0.64 MPa. When Lys and glycerol epoxy resin (GER) were added, the wet shear strength of plywood prepared by the S/G/L-9% adhesive reached 1.22 MPa, which increased by 29.8% compared with only GER (0.94 MPa). Furthermore, the resultant SPI adhesive displayed excellent thermostability. Water resistance of S/G/L-9% adhesive was further enhanced with respect to pure SPI and S/GER adhesives through curing with 9% Lys. In addition, this work provides a new and feasible strategy for the development and application of manufacturing low-cost, and renewable biobased adhesives with excellent mechanical properties, a promising alternative to traditional formaldehyde-free adhesives in the wood industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lysine on the Interfacial Bonding of Epoxy Resin Cross-Linked Soy-Based Wood Adhesive

et al. 2023

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“…Post-treatment techniques such as veneer and edging can also effectively reduce the formaldehyde emissions rate (Roffael 2011;Costa et al 2013;Bekhta et al 2018). But most of the methods cannot be industrialized, and there is no way to completely solve the free formaldehyde (Antov et al 2022;Kristak et al 2022). Therefore, formaldehyde emission is still one of the main disadvantages and a major source of indoor air pollution (Dorieh et al 2022a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health damage and repair mechanism related to formaldehyde released from wood-based panels

Gao

Yue

Yang

et al. 2023

BioRes

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Wood-based panels, which contain wood raw materials along with urea-formaldehyde (UF) or phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins, can increase the indoor air concentration of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can stimulate the upper respiratory mucosa and cross-linking reaction with cell proteins and DNA, and this can result in degeneration and necrosis of respiratory cells and damaged cell proliferation. Formaldehyde can induce health hazards such as nasal cancer, leukemia, and destruction of the reproductive system. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) in the body cooperates with Fanconi anaemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2) to quickly metabolize formaldehyde into formate and maintain the balance of endogenous formaldehyde. However, when both ADH5 and FANCD2 proteins have defects or mutations, damaged DNA repair failure and cell proliferation induce a variety of health diseases. The damage has been found in the upper respiratory area, not on distal body tissues such as liver, kidney, and bone marrow. Meanwhile epidemiological survey has not shown a positive correlation between formaldehyde and health hazards. It is recommended that the use of wood formaldehyde-based products should be reduced, and pathogenesis genes and damage repair mechanism should be studied systematically and deeply to develop gene drugs to remove excess formaldehyde and activate the damage gene repair mechanism in the future.

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“…In this respect, novel requirements concerning free formaldehyde emissions from wood composites have posed novel challenges for both researchers and industrial practices related to the development of sustainable and ecofriendly wood composites, the optimization of available lignocellulosic raw materials, and the use of alternative natural and renewable feedstocks [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The harmful formaldehyde released from wood composites can be reduced by adding formaldehyde scavengers to conventional adhesive systems, through the surface treatment of finished wood composites, or by using novel biobased wood adhesives as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional thermosetting resins [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Another alternative to formaldehyde-based adhesives is the manufacture of binderless wood-based panels, since wood represents a natural polymeric material abundant in lignocellulosic constituents, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ].…”

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confidence: 99%