New Candidates for Plant-Based Repellents AgainstAedes aegypti

Abstract

Based on an ethnobotanical study on use for plant species against mosquito bites in the Kota Tinggi District, Johor State, Malaysia, 3 plants selected for study, Citrus aurantifolia (leaves), Citrus grandis (fruit peel), and Alpinia galanga (rhizome), were extracted using hydrodistillation to produce essential oils. These essential oils were then formulated as a lotion using a microencapsulation process and then tested for their repellent effect against Aedes aegypti. N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) was also prepared in the same formulation and tested for repellency as controls. Four commercial plant-based repellent (KAPS(®), MozAway(®), BioZ Natural(®), and Mosiquard(®)) also were incorporated in the bioassay for comparison purposes. Bioassays revealed that at 20% concentration all repellent formulations demonstrated complete protection for 2 h and >90% for 4 h post-application. The A. galanga-based formulation provided the greatest level of protection (98.91%), which extended for 4 h post-application and was not significantly different from deet at similar concentration. When compared with commercial plant-based repellents (KAPS(®), MozAway(®), and BioZ Natural(®)), the 3 lotion formulations showed significantly better protection against Ae. aegypti bites, providing >90% protection for 4 h. In conclusion, our 3 plant-based lotion formulations provided acceptable levels of protection against host-seeking Ae. aegypti and should be developed.

Current and Future Repellent Technologies: The Potential of Spatial Repellents and Their Place in Mosquito-Borne Disease Control

“…While this quality can be considered valuable for their potential risk to the environment or individuals, it may also be considered a hurdle that must be overcome in the identification and deployment of long-lasting repellent technologies. Surfaces treated with various plant compounds were in some cases no longer capable of producing appreciable repellency after 30 min [73]. This represents a need for improvement in the repellency of these various botanical compounds.…”

“…Among this class of compounds, two types of terpenoids appear to be highly efficacious at repelling arthropods: monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. Paluch et al demonstrated that various sesquiterpenoids were highly effective at repelling yellow fever mosquitoes in a static air chamber designed for monitoring spatial repellency, and in other studies identified numerous monoterpenoids that were capable of repelling a large variety of arthropod pest species [73,74,77]. While many of these compounds are successful repellents, their residual character on treated surfaces is quite low.…”

Evaluation of Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae) extracts and isolated trans-cinnamic acid on some mosquitoes larvae

“…aegypti adult [29]. Abdullah et al [1] reported antifeedant, repellent and toxic effects of A. galanga rhizomes on Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes curvignathus.…”

Commercial Mosquito Repellents and Their Safety Concerns

“…It exhibited >98% repellent effect for the duration of 4 h, whereas, in the field conditions, these formulations demonstrated the comparable repellent effect (100% for a duration of 3 h) to Citriodiol®-based repellent (Mosiguard®). In both test conditions, the microencapsulated formulations of the EOs presented longer duration of 100% repellent effect (between 1 and 2 h) than non-encapsulated formulations [80]. Microencapsulation reduces membrane permeation of CO while maintaining a constant supply of the citronella oil [81].…”