Current and Future Repellent Technologies: The Potential of Spatial Repellents and Their Place in Mosquito-Borne Disease Control

Norris, Edmund J.; Coats, Joel R.

doi:10.3390/ijerph14020124

Cited by 129 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Vector resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and changes in biting and resting behavior pose serious challenges in malaria control. Spatial repellents are considered to be promising alternatives to the contact repellents currently in use, as they may delay or diminish the development of insecticide resistance by minimizing the intensity of selection pressure induced by contact-mediated toxicity mechanisms [37,40]. However, since many spatial repellents contain the same or similar chemicals as those used in insecticides for current malaria control, their effectiveness can be compromised if insecticide-resistant mosquitoes behave differently when they encounter repellents, as has been demonstrated by recent field observations [51-58, 81, 84].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spatial repellents release into the air volatile active ingredients that interfere with mosquitoes' ability to find a host, thus preventing mosquitoes from contacting the host and taking a blood meal, thus preventing disease transmission [35][36][37][38][39][40]. Spatial repellents confer protection against mosquito bites through the action of emanated vapor or airborne chemical particles in a large space, such as a room or a yard surrounding a household [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These volatile chemicals prevent mosquitoes from feeding on humans through several mechanisms, including 1) knockdown and mortality; 2) deterrence (mosquitoes are prevented from entering human dwellings); 3) irritancy (mosquitoes enter houses but leave early); 4) excito-repellency (mosquitoes exit the house to avoid contacting airborne insecticides); and 5) feeding inhibition (mosquitoes are prevented from biting and getting blood meals) [23,25,35,37,40,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Since malaria vectors have developed widespread resistance to insecticides, the efficacy of spatial repellents against these resistant mosquitoes is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral response of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes against spatial repellent: a modified self-propelled particle model simulation

Zhou¹,

Yu²,

Wang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Rapidly increasing pyrethroid insecticide resistance and changes in vector biting and resting behavior pose serious challenges in malaria control. Mosquito repellents, especially spatial repellents, have received much attention from industry. Many of these repellents contain the same or similar chemicals as those used in insecticides. Does resistance to insecticides affect the efficacy of spatial repellents? We attempted to simulate interactions between mosquitoes and repellents using a machine learning method, the self-propelled particle (SPP) model, which we modified to include attractiveness/repellency effects. We simulated a random walk scenario and scenarios with insecticide susceptible/resistant mosquitoes against repellent alone and against repellent plus attractant (to mimic a human host). We assumed attractant odors and repellent chemicals diffused randomly and omnidirectionally, and that mosquitoes were confined in a cubic cage. We modified the velocity and direction components of SPP using attraction/repulsion rates and concentrations. Simulation results indicated that without attractant/repellent, mosquitoes would fly anywhere in the cage at random. With attractant, mosquitoes might or might not fly toward the source (i.e., the human), depending on the simulation time (and thus the attractant concentration distribution). Eventually, however, all mosquitoes were attracted to the source of the odor. With repellent, results depended on the amount of chemical used and the level of mosquito insecticide resistance. All insecticide-susceptible mosquitoes eventually moved to the corner of the cage farthest from the repellent release point. Surprisingly, a high proportion of highly resistant mosquitoes might reach the attractant release point (the human) earlier in the simulation when repellent was present compare to no repellent was present. At fixed concentration, a high proportion of mosquitoes could be able to reach the host when the relative repellency efficacy (compare to attractant efficacy) was <1, whereas, no mosquitoes reached the host when the relative repellency efficacy was > 1. This result implies that repellent may not be sufficient against highly physiologically insecticide resistant mosquitoes, since very high concentrations of repellent are neither practically feasible nor cost-effective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Behavioral response of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes against spatial repellent: a modified self-propelled particle model simulation

Zhou¹,

Yu²,

Wang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, mosquito contact with the treated surface preceded feeding-deterrence at low dose. Deciphering feeding-deterrence by olfactory or gustatory mechanisms against low-volatility compounds, including Deet and picaridin (34), that require a proximate contact by mosquitoes, is difficult due overlapping sensory responses (35). Addition of Deet to blood (36) deterred mosquitoes from feeding through a direct contact with the blood meal likely via gustatory response.…”

Section: Differences Of Compound Least Squares Means Adjustment For Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding – deterrents

Kajla

Barrett-Wilt

Paskewitz

2018

Preprint

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Antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genus Xenorhabdus have been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feedingdeterrence have not been reported. Here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated from Xenorhabdus budapestensis in vitro cultures exhibits potent feedingdeterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens. We further demonstrate that the deterrent-active fraction isolated from replicate bacterial cultures is consistently highly enriched in two modified peptides identical to the previously described fabclavines, strongly suggesting that these are molecular species responsible for feeding-deterrence. The mosquito feeding-deterrent activity in the fabclavines-rich fraction is comparable to or better than that of N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (also known as Deet) or picaridin in side-by-side assays. Our unique discovery lays the groundwork for research into biologically derived, peptide-based low molecular weight compounds isolated from bacteria for exploitation as mosquito repellents and feeding-deterrents.

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“…Spatial repellents diffuse through the air, driving vectors away before reaching their hosts. While technologies of repellency are certainly not new-Herodotus' discussion of plant-burning to disperse biting flies is a popular reference in the literature-malaria research and development in this area have been limited (Norris and Coats 2017). The sheer insecticidal power of DDT has cast a long shadow over malaria research and development, orienting vector control interventions toward the killing of mosquitoes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Repellents and New “Spaces of Concern” in Global Health

Kelly

Koudakossi

Moore

2017

Medical Anthropology

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Today, malaria prevention hinges upon two domestic interventions: insecticidetreated bed nets and indoor residual spraying. As mosquitoes grow resistant to these tools, however, novel approaches to vector control have become a priority area of malaria research and development. Spatial repellency, a volumetric mode of action that seeks to reduce disease transmission by creating an atmosphere inimical to mosquitoes, represents one way forward. Drawing from research that sought to develop new repellent chemicals in conversation with users from subSaharan Africa and the United States, we consider the implications of a noninsecticidal paradigm of vector control for how we understand the political ecology of malaria.

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Current and Future Repellent Technologies: The Potential of Spatial Repellents and Their Place in Mosquito-Borne Disease Control

Cited by 129 publications

References 76 publications

Behavioral response of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes against spatial repellent: a modified self-propelled particle model simulation

Behavioral response of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes against spatial repellent: a modified self-propelled particle model simulation

Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding – deterrents

Repellents and New “Spaces of Concern” in Global Health

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