New Approaches to Bacterial Taxonomy

Marmur, Julius; Falkow, S; Mandel, M.

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.17.100163.001553

Cited by 288 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Bacterial DNAs have been reported to be uniform to date, and the taxonomic usefulness of the GC content has been well shown (1). On the contrary, yeast DNA is not uniform.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxonomic Significance of Base Composition of Yeast Dna

Nakase

Komagata

1968

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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The base composition of DNA (GC content) from 62 strains of yeasts and yeast-like fungi was studied. They are widely distributed from 26 to 64%. Most species of Saccharomycetaceae exhibited low GC content of 26-42.5%, but Lipomyces starkeyi and Naganishia globosus showed rather high values of 45.5% and 47.5%, respectively.In Cryptococcaceae, the GC content ranged from 30 to 64%. Yeasts belonging to Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula exhibited high GC content of 46-56% and 47.5-64%, respectively.In the genera of Torulopsis, Candida and Trichosporon, GC contents were widely distributed, namely, 34.5-52.5% in Torulopsis, 30-60% in Candida, and 32.5-59% in Trichosporon. Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Kloeckera apiculata exhibited low GC content of 35% and 30%, respectively. Trigonopsis variabilis showed rather a high value of 44%. Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, a ballistosporous yeast, exhibited a high GC content (57%). Of the yeast-like fungi, Tremella fuci formis and Aureobasidium pullulans showed high GC content of 54.5% and 51.5%, respectively.Meanwhile, Dipodascus albidus and Geotrichum candidum exhibited low GC content of 33% and 40.5%, respectively. A phylogenetic relationship between the yeasts exhibiting a high GC content and Heterobasidiomycetes was discussed. A taxonomic significance of urease activity was found to be correlated to the GC content.Since the suggestion of MARMUR et al. (1), the base composition of DNA (GC content) has been considered to be one of the most useful approaches to bacterial taxonomy.However, a little is known of it in yeasts. DNAs of yeasts were analyzed by VISCHER et al. (2), ZAMMENHOF and CHARGAFF (3), SCHILDKRAUT et al. (4), MARMUR and DOTY (5), ROST and VENNER (6), and by TEWARI et al. (7), but these works were restricted to certain species of Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces.From the phylogenetic point of view, STORCK (8) analyzed the DNAs of 30 species of true fungi including yeasts and yeast-like fungi, and concluded that the GC content of fungal DNA appeared to have a taxonomic and phylogenetic significance. The present paper deals with the GC content of 62 strains of yeasts and yeast-like fungi selected from the viewpoint of taxonomy, and discusses the relationship between the yeasts and allied microorganisms on the basis of the GC content and urease activity.The detailed results of the genera 345

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“…Bacterial DNAs have been reported to be uniform to date, and the taxonomic usefulness of the GC content has been well shown (1). On the contrary, yeast DNA is not uniform.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the suggestion of MARMUR et al (1), the base composition of DNA (GC content) has been considered to be one of the most useful approaches to bacterial taxonomy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic Significance of Base Composition of Yeast Dna

Nakase

Komagata

1968

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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“…In the 7th edition, WEEKS and BREED (4) described Flavobacterium species to be gram negative, non-sporeforming, facultative anaerobic, water-insoluble yellow, red, orange or brown pigment-producing rods, and non-motile or motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Nevertheless, the wide range (30 to 72 %) in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition (GEC content in DNA) (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) emphasizes the heterogeniety of the genus. On the other hand, Cytophaga species were reported to have low G+C contents from 30 to 42 % (5)(6)(7)(8)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the wide range (30 to 72 %) in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition (GEC content in DNA) (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) emphasizes the heterogeniety of the genus. On the other hand, Cytophaga species were reported to have low G+C contents from 30 to 42 % (5)(6)(7)(8)(13)(14)(15)(16). MITCHELL et al (7) reported that the type strain (ATCC 11947) of Flavobacterium aquatile, the type species of the genus Flavobacterium, might be a member of the genus Cytophaga because of its low G+C content (32.0 %) and spreading colonies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization of the strains of species in the Flavobacterium-cytophaga complex.

Oyaizu

Komagata

1981

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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Quinone systems, DNA base composition, cellular fatty acid composition, and phenotypic characteristics of 41 strains of named Flavobacterium species, 10 strains of named Cytophaga species, and 16 isolates belonging to the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga complex were investigated. These strains were divided into two major groups on the basis of the quinone systems and DNA base composition: The ubiquinone system (Q-8 or Q-10) and high values in DNA base composition (64.1 to 69.2%) were found in one group. The strains in this group were divided into three clusters based on the cellular fatty acid composition and phenotypic characteristics. In this respect they were related to Pseudomonas or Alcaligenes species. The other group was characterized by the presence of the menaquinone system (MK-6 or MK-7), low values in DNA base composition (30.6 to 44.8 %), and the presence of iso-and anteiso-acids in the cellular fatty acids. The strains of this group were separated into four clusters based on cellular fatty acid composition. All the named strains of Cytophaga species were included in this group. Cytophaga species were recognized by chemotaxonomic characteristics, and the accommodation of Flavobacterium aquatile strain Taylor F36 (=ATCC 11947=NCIB 8694), the type strain of the type species of the genus Flavobacterium, was discussed.Aerobic, yellow pigment-producing rods are found in various environments, and the genus Flavobacterium was established for such bacteria in 1923 by BERGEY et al. (1). When they proposed it, gram positive species, gram negative polarly flagellated species, and several fermentative species were included in the generic concept. Since pigmentation has little significant meaning in bacterial taxonomy, some of these Flavobacterium species are recognized as coryneforms, pseudomonads, and coliforms in the successive editions of Bergey's Manual of Detreminative Bacteriology. Gram negative polarly flagellated species were eliminated in

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“…The term ' competence' describes a specific physiological state attained by certain bacterial populations (Marmur, Falkow & Mandel, 1963) that permits them to react with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and this reaction between competent cells and DNA may result in a permanent genetic change or transformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Selected Antibiotics and Other Inhibitors on Competence Development in Haemophilus influenzae

Ranhand

Lichstein

1969

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYThe effect of streptomycin, penicillin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, erythromycin, D-cycloserine, 8-azaguanine, and 6-azauracil on competence development in Haemophilus injluenzae was studied.D-cycloserine and 6-azauracil had no inhibitory effects on either competence development or cell viability in concentrations that were inhibitory to growth. Penicillin and polymyxin reduced cell viability and competence development proportionately thereby maintaining a high percentage of transformation in the treated cultures. Chloramphenicol, novobiocin, 8-azaguanine, erythromycin, and streptomycin inhibited markedly competence development with little or no effect on cell viability.

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New Approaches to Bacterial Taxonomy

Cited by 288 publications

References 77 publications

Taxonomic Significance of Base Composition of Yeast Dna

Taxonomic Significance of Base Composition of Yeast Dna

Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization of the strains of species in the Flavobacterium-cytophaga complex.

Effect of Selected Antibiotics and Other Inhibitors on Competence Development in Haemophilus influenzae

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