Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization of the strains of species in the Flavobacterium-cytophaga complex.

Abstract

Quinone systems, DNA base composition, cellular fatty acid composition, and phenotypic characteristics of 41 strains of named Flavobacterium species, 10 strains of named Cytophaga species, and 16 isolates belonging to the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga complex were investigated. These strains were divided into two major groups on the basis of the quinone systems and DNA base composition: The ubiquinone system (Q-8 or Q-10) and high values in DNA base composition (64.1 to 69.2%) were found in one group. The strains in this group were divided into three clusters based on the cellular fatty acid composition and phenotypic characteristics. In this respect they were related to Pseudomonas or Alcaligenes species. The other group was characterized by the presence of the menaquinone system (MK-6 or MK-7), low values in DNA base composition (30.6 to 44.8 %), and the presence of iso-and anteiso-acids in the cellular fatty acids. The strains of this group were separated into four clusters based on cellular fatty acid composition. All the named strains of Cytophaga species were included in this group. Cytophaga species were recognized by chemotaxonomic characteristics, and the accommodation of Flavobacterium aquatile strain Taylor F36 (=ATCC 11947=NCIB 8694), the type strain of the type species of the genus Flavobacterium, was discussed.Aerobic, yellow pigment-producing rods are found in various environments, and the genus Flavobacterium was established for such bacteria in 1923 by BERGEY et al. (1). When they proposed it, gram positive species, gram negative polarly flagellated species, and several fermentative species were included in the generic concept. Since pigmentation has little significant meaning in bacterial taxonomy, some of these Flavobacterium species are recognized as coryneforms, pseudomonads, and coliforms in the successive editions of Bergey's Manual of Detreminative Bacteriology. Gram negative polarly flagellated species were eliminated in

Isolation and Characteristics of Acid- and Aluminum-tolerant Bacterium

“…7 ) The quinone system was identified by the method of Oyaizu and Komagata. 8 ) Electron microscopic observation. The electron micrograph was taken on a model JEM-2000FXII transmission electron microscope (Nihon Densi Co.), after shadowing with 1 % tungsten phosphoric acid.…”

Phylogenetic analysis of genus Marinilabilia and related bacteria based on the amino acid sequences of GyrB and emended description of Marinilabilia salmonicolor with Marinilabilia agarovorans as its subjective synonym

“…Some of these species were shown to grow not only aerobically but also anaerobically (Bachmann, 1955 ;Veldkamp, 1961). More recent taxonomic investigations have shown an overlap between the genera Cytophaga and Flavobacterium (Callies & Mannheim, 1978 ;Christensen, 1977 ;Hayes, 1977;Oyaizu & Komagata, 1981;Shewan & McMeekin, 1983). The bacteria in these groups were then called the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium complex, and included the genera Flexibacter, Microscilla, Sporocytophaga and Chitinophaga, which resemble 01032 0 1999 IUMS Cytophaga or Flavobacterium in their morphological and phenotypic characteristics (Christensen, 1977 ;Shewan & McMeekin, 1983).…”

Petrimonas sulfuriphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic fermentative bacterium isolated from a biodegraded oil reservoir

“…Differential hydrolysis indicated that 2-OH 17 : 0, 3-OH iso-16 : 0 and 3-OH iso 17 : 0 were presumptively amide-linked, as well as ester-linked in smaller proportions. The presence of a complex pattern of fatty acids including straight-chain, branched (iso-and anteiso-) and hydroxylated fatty acids is a characteristic found in many species within the BacteroidesFlavobacterium-Cytophaga-Sphingobacterium group (Daneshvar et al, 1991;Fautz et al, 1979;Mayberry, 1980;Miyagawa & Suto, 1980;Miyagawa et al, 1979;Moore et al, 1994;Oyaizu & Komagata, 1981;Sakamoto et al, 2002;Shah & Collins, 1980Steyn et al, 1998;Urakami & Komagata, 1986). A detailed survey of the fatty acid patterns within this group is outside the scope of the present work, but it is obvious that features such as the presence or absence of significant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids or the relative abundance of iso-and anteiso-branched fatty acids of differing chain length can be used to differentiate different subgroups.…”

“…The predominant quinone was MK-8, with smaller amounts of MK-7 and MK-9. Whereas those members of the Cytophaga-FlavobacteriumSphingobacterium subgroups produce either MK-6 or MK-7 as the major menaquinones (Nakagawa & Yamasato, 1993;Oyaizu & Komagata, 1981), it is not unusual to find not only longer chain (>MK-9), but also more than one isoprenologue in significant amounts in the Bacteroides-PrevotellaPorphyromonas-Tannerella subgroup (Shah & Collins, 1980;Sakamoto et al, 2002). It should be noted that some of the closest relatives of strain BN3 T , namely Tannerella forsythensis, Bacteroides merdae and Bacteroides distasonis (see below), produce menaquinones with 9-12 isoprenologues.…”