“…We suspected that GM feeding during pregnancy and lactation might change the composition of breast milk and confer immunological maturation and colonization of gut microbiota on offspring, and this might suppress atopy development and downregulate airway inflammation. Relationships among a wide spectrum of bioactive factors, such as proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, oligosaccharides, microbial content, metabolites, and micronutrients present in breast milk and allergy development in infants have attracted more attention (36)(37)(38)(39). Various maternal exposures during pregnancy, such as immunization, dietary patterns, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and/or probiotics may affect breast milk composition and thereby influence the early colonization of gut microbiota and infant health (16,40).…”