New applications of oxygen sensors to ironmaking and steelmaking in Japan

Sensors based on new oxide electrolyte and oxygen reference materials for on-line measurements in steel melts

“…This procedure was repeated several times using the same sensor. The a 0 (EMF) values of the three types of oxygen probes agree well with the a 0 values calculated from the equilibrium relationship (9). There is a slight decrease in the measured EMF due to reoxidation and polarisation effects.…”

New trivalent rare earth ion (La, Nd, Gd) conducting solid electrolytes

“…Among the elements in the sample, a remarkable increase was observed only for Nd element compared with that of the sample before the electrolysis. These 3 (R = La (᭹); R = Nd ( ); R = Gd ( )) with the data of the representative divalent oxide anion conducting YSZ [13] and CSZ [13]. The typical O 2− ion conductivity region is also shown as the shaded area.…”

“…It has the unique characteristics of conducting only a single ion species in solids macroscopically with accompanying electric charge and has attracted a significant attention because of the promising application in various electrochemical devices such as all solid-state rechargeable batteries and chemical gas sensors. In the solid electrolyte field, a number of mono or divalent ions have been known to migrate in solids and some of them have been already commercialized as lithium batteries for heart pacemakers and oxygen sensors for vehicle emission control [3,4]. In contrast, trivalent cations have been regarded to be extremely difficult to conduct in solids due to their high electrostatic interaction with surrounding anions comprising the framework of structure.…”

Ferrous analysis

“…Experiences gained from a 14 laboratory study of the best use of existing 0 determination technology are included in a recent French study (20). Other papers published devoted to the study and use of electrochemical 0 sensors in the steel industry include a discussion of the use of a hood-shaped solid electrolyte cell (304), the construction and use of calcia-stabilized zirconia probes for studying argon and nitrogen stirred low carbon, Al-killed steel (118), a general review of the measurement and use of oxygen activity in steelmaking (in Czechoslovakian) (262), a review of new applications of oxygen sensor technology in steelmaking activities in Japan (351), and a general review of the use of 0 probes in ladle metallurgy with emphasis on Al-killed and Si-Mn-killed-rimmed and semi-killed steels (465). A large body of patents have been issued in the past 2 years that relate to the design and modification of electrochemical probes for the determination of 0 in molten metals, particularly steel.…”