New and emerging infectious diseases (Ebola, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Candida auris): Focus on environmental survival and germicide susceptibility

Weber, David J.; Sickbert-Bennett, Emily E.; Kanamori, Hajime; Rutala, William A.

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.03.004

Cited by 30 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…Work at CDC and in related publications by other groups have reaffirmed early concerns that some QAC-based products are not effective, but also indicated the promise of additional QAC chemistries that include alcohol-based products [59,60]. Thorough daily cleaning and disinfection, with special attention to high-touch surfaces such as bedrails and bedside tables, are needed in patient care areas housing patients on contact precautions for C. auris.…”

Section: Infection Control Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida auris: A Review of Recommendations for Detection and Control in Healthcare Settings

Cáceres

Forsberg

Welsh

et al. 2019

JoF

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Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Since first reported in 2009, C. auris has caused healthcare outbreaks around the world, often involving high mortality. Identification of C. auris has been a major challenge as many common conventional laboratory methods cannot accurately detect it. Early detection and implementation of infection control practices can prevent its spread. The aim of this review is to describe recommendations for the detection and control of C. auris in healthcare settings. most common misidentifications based on frequently used yeast identification methods [5,6]. However, efforts to improve C. auris identification methods have made substantial progress in the last few years. The development of a high-salt, high-temperature enrichment culture-based method has made it possible to reliably isolate C. auris from complex sample types [7][8][9]. Once an isolate is obtained, identification of C. auris can be efficiently accomplished with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. For MALDI-TOF identification, it is important to ensure C. auris is in the reference database [5,6,10]. The Bruker Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) and the VITEK MS (bioMérieux, Marcy, L'Etoile, France) include C. auris in their Research Use Only and certain versions of their FDA-approved system databases [3,5,11]. If MALDI-TOF is not available, laboratories can reliably identify an isolate by sequencing the D1-D2 region of the 28s rDNA or the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA [12][13][14].

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Section: Infection Control Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida auris: A Review of Recommendations for Detection and Control in Healthcare Settings

Cáceres

Forsberg

Welsh

et al. 2019

JoF

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“…It can be assumed as a starting point, therefore, that the enveloped emerging/re-emerging viruses listed in Table 1 should be readily inactivated by a variety of formulated microbicidal actives. This assumption has, in fact, been verified by extensive empirical data (Klein and Deforest, 1983;Sattar et al, 1989;McDonnell and Russell, 1999;Rabenau et al, 2005;Sattar 2007;Ijaz and Rubino, 2008;Geller et al, 2012;Cook et al, 2015;Cook et al, 2016;Cutts et al, 2018Cutts et al, , 2019Cutts et al, , 2020Weber et al, 2019;Chin et al, 2020;Kampf et al, 2020;O'Donnell et al, 2020;O'Donnell et al, 2020;Vaughan et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2020;Castaño et al, 2020), and has been embraced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 2016). The data for various members of the Coronaviridae family, reviewed recently by Kampf et al (2020), Cimolai (2020), and Golin et al (2020) support the expectation that SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses of concern (e.g., MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, mouse hepatitis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, etc.)…”

Section: Hierarchy Of Susceptibility Of Pathogens Including Sars-cov-mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Manuscript to be reviewed Manuscript to be reviewed Xing et al, 2016 ;Zhan et al, 2017 Hantaan virus Lower respiratory, renal Contact, aerosols/droplets 1-15% Nolte et al, 1995;St. Georgiev, 2009;Krüger et al, 2011 ;Jiang et al, 2016MERS-CoV Lower respiratory, GI Contact, aerosols/droplets 34-36% Cieslak et al, 2019Weber et al, 2019;Paules et al, 2020 ;van Doremalen et al, 2013 SARS-CoV Lower respiratory Contact, aerosols/droplets 15 ± 11% Chan et al, 2011;Cieslak et al, 2019 SARS-CoV-2 Lower respiratory, GI Contact, aerosols/droplets 4% WHO, 2020c;Morawska et al, 2020;Ebola virus Vascular system Contact, aerosols/droplets 41% Fischer et al, 2015Cieslak et al, 2019;Weber et al, 2019 Influenza H5N1 Upper respiratory Contact, aerosols/droplets >60% U.S. CDC, 2015;Cieslak et al, 2019Nipah virus CNS, respiratory Contact, ingestion 65 ± 28% Ang et al, 2018Hassan et al, 2018EV-D68 Respiratory, CNS aerosols/droplets, contact Up to 10% Oermann et al, 2015Cassidy et al, 2018; Notes:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small, non-enveloped viruses are considered to be less susceptible to microbicides, although these viruses display increased susceptibility to high pH, oxidizers such as sodium hypochlorite, activated hydrogen peroxide, alcohols, and a variety of microbicidal actives, relative to spores and protozoan cysts/oocysts. Mycobacteria, fungi, vegetative bacteria and enveloped viruses appear to be more susceptible to certain formulated microbicides, such as alcohols, oxidizers, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), and phenolics (e.g., p-chloro-m-xylenol) (Klein and Deforest, 1983;Sattar et al, 1989;McDonnell and Russell, 1999;Rabenau et al, 2005;Sattar 2007;Ijaz and Rubino, 2008;Geller et al, 2012;Cook et al, 2015;Cook et al, 2016;Cutts et al, 2018Cutts et al, , 2019Cutts et al, , 2020Rutala et al, 2019;Weber et al, 2019;Chin et al, 2020;Kampf et al, 2020;O'Donnell et al, 2020;O'Donnell et al, 2020;Senghore et al, 2020;Vaughan et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2020). A number of commercially available formulated microbicides (antiseptic liquid, hand sanitizers, liquid hand wash, bar soap, surface cleanser, disinfectant wipe, and disinfectant spray) have been evaluated for virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 , and as expected, were found to cause complete inactivation (3.0 to 4.7 log 10 ) within the 1 -5 minute contact times tested.…”

Section: Hierarchy Of Susceptibility Of Pathogens Including Sars-cov-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peer Review #2 of "Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses (v0.1)"

2020

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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan City, China, late in December 2019 is an example of an emerging zoonotic virus that threatens public health and international travel and commerce. When such a virus emerges, there is often insufficient specific information available on mechanisms of virus dissemination from animal-to-human or from person-to-person, on the level or route of infection transmissibility or of viral release in body secretions/excretions, and on the survival of virus in aerosols or on surfaces. The effectiveness of available virucidal agents and hygiene practices as interventions for disrupting the spread of infection and the associated diseases may not be clear for the emerging virus. In the present perspective, we recommend approaches for infection prevention and control (IPAC) for SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging/re-emerging viruses which can be invoked based on pre-existing data on microbicidal and hygiene effectiveness for related and unrelated enveloped viruses.

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“…In Huoshenshan Hospital, only soil with 2 m distance to the first adjusting tank All road-and wall-surfaces in outdoor environment of the three studied hospitals were negative in viral signals (Table 1). Surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 18 , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus 19,20 and norovirus 21 has been observed in hospital indoor environment. Our results documented that frequent disinfection of three times a day in hospital outdoor environment effectively removed the virus of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 spillover into hospital outdoor environments

Zhang

Yang

Huang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread throughout over 200 countries, posing a global threat to human health. Till 15th May 2020, there are over 4.5 million confirmed cases, with roughly 300,000 death1. To date, most studies focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in indoor environment owing to its main transmission routes via human respiratory droplets and direct contact2,3. It remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 can spill over and impose transmission risks to outdoor environments despite potential threats to people and communities. Here, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 by measuring viral RNA in 73 samples from outdoor environment of three hospitals in Wuhan. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in soils (205-550 copies/g), aerosols (285-1,130 copies/m3) and wastewaters (255 to 18,744 copies/L) in locations close to hospital departments receiving COVID-19 patients or in wastewater treatment sectors. These findings reveal significant viral spillover in hospital outdoor environments that was possibly caused by respiratory droplets from patients or aerosolized particles from wastewater containing SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in other areas or on surfaces with regular disinfection implemented. Soils may behave as viral warehouse through deposition and serve as a secondary source spreading SARS-CoV-2 for a prolonged time. For the first time, our findings demonstrate that there are high-risk areas in hospital outdoor environments to spread SARS-CoV-2, calling for sealing of wastewater treatment unit and complete sanitation to prevent COVID-19 transmission risks.

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New and emerging infectious diseases (Ebola, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Candida auris): Focus on environmental survival and germicide susceptibility

Cited by 30 publications

References 141 publications

Candida auris: A Review of Recommendations for Detection and Control in Healthcare Settings

Candida auris: A Review of Recommendations for Detection and Control in Healthcare Settings

Peer Review #2 of "Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses (v0.1)"

SARS-CoV-2 spillover into hospital outdoor environments

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