Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Butyl Carbitol, and Organic Corrosion Inhibitors in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams: Implications for Vapor Intrusion and the Environment

Titaley, Ivan A.; Khattak, Jared; Dong, Jichen; Olivares, Christopher I.; DiGuiseppi, Bill; Lutes, Chris; Field, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c02349

Cited by 20 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Of note, LNAPL 4 comprises predominately fluorotelomer-based anionic PFAS with detection of three suspects including 6:2 FTTh-PrAd-DiMeEtS, 6:2 FTSO-PrAd-DiMePrS, and 8:2 FTThA (Tables and S8) and the only detection of neutral PFAS (Table ). The three anionic suspects ,,, and 6:2 FTOH are found in fluorotelomer-based AFFFs. All other LNAPLs gave neural PFAS < LOD or < LOQ.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All other LNAPLs gave neural PFAS < LOD or < LOQ. Neutral PFAS concentrations may be low in LNAPL due to their lower concentrations in AFFF compared to anionic PFAS, , potential volatilization during AFFF application, and subsequent biodegradation …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The liquid–liquid extraction method using methanol as the solvent was developed to screen for 11 neutral PFAS (Table S3). Samples were analyzed using GC–MS. , See the Supporting Information and Tables S3 and S4 for sample preparation and analysis. Quality assurance/quality control details, which include accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), LOQ, for LC–QToF and GC–MS are provided in the Supporting Information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) are used to combat hydrocarbon-fueled fires and contain high concentrations (g/L) of anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) , and lower concentrations of neutral PFAS. , As a result of widespread use of AFFF, PFAS are detected in soil and groundwater at military sites worldwide. − Petroleum products (e.g., diesel, waste oil, lubricants, and gasoline) and chlorinated solvents were co-released with AFFF during fire-fighting exercises and upon waste disposal. , Sufficient quantities of petroleum products or solvents were historically released during emergencies or firefighter training activities to result in the presence of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). However, comingling of AFFF and NAPL continues with a recent accidental release of AFFF at a US Navy site in the state of Hawaii, , where jet fuel was accidently released in 2021 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Field-Collected Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids

et al. 2023

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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) co-occur at sites where aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) were used as part of firefighter training exercises or in response to emergencies (e.g., crashes). Till date, there are no data on PFAS in field-collected, light NAPLs (LNAPLs) recovered from groundwater wells on US military bases. Analytical methods were developed for target and suspect nonvolatile (anionic) and volatile (neutral) PFAS in field-collected LNAPLs. The validated methods were demonstrated on 17 LNAPL samples collected from the subsurface at five military installations with known AFFF impacts and where LNAPL releases date 10−70 years ago. Target and suspect anionic PFAS associated with AFFF of either electrochemical fluorination or fluorotelomerization origin were quantified and semi-quantified, respectively, in 11 LNAPLs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) occurred at the highest frequency, ranging from 110 to 11,100 ng/L. As a class, perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides occur at a frequency similar to that of PFOS, but at higher concentrations, with the C6 homolog ranging up to 67,500 ng/L. Only one LNAPL had quantifiable neutral PFAS (6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol), indicating potential biotransformation and/or volatilization. Residual LNAPLs at AFFF-impacted field sites may represent an undetected reservoir of PFAS that must be considered when designing remedial actions.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Field-Collected Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids

et al. 2023

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“…The steady-state flux of neutral PFAS across the skin ( J ss ; ng/m 2 /h) can be estimated by multiplying known k p_g with measured indoor air concentrations of neutral PFAS . Of the 19 neutral PFAS with D / I > 5, only indoor air concentrations of N -MeFBSE were available, , resulting in an estimated J ss of 0.77–560 ng/m 2 /h (Table S4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Neutral PFAS for Potential Dermal Absorption from the Gas Phase

Kissel

Titaley

Muensterman

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of increasing concern. Assessments typically focus only on ingestion and inhalation exposure due to a lack of generally accepted approaches for estimating dermal absorption. Prior work indicates limited dermal absorption of ionic PFAS, but absorption of neutral PFAS has not been examined from the liquid vehicle or from vapor. Partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds from the gas phase to the skin surface (i.e., stratum corneum) is well known, but the potential for partitioning of neutral PFAS from the gas phase to the stratum corneum has yet to be estimated. The SPARC-estimated physicochemical properties were used to calculate transdermal permeability coefficients (k p_g) and dermal-to-inhalation (D/I) exposure ratios for two groups of neutral PFAS, including those on a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency PFAS list. 11 neutral PFAS gave calculated D/I ratios >5, indicating that direct transdermal absorption may be an important exposure pathway compared to inhalation. Data on consumer products or indoor air is needed for the 11 neutral PFAS, followed by possible biomonitoring to experimentally verify dermal absorption from air. Additional PFAS should be estimated by the protocol used here as they are identified in commercial products.

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Exposure to benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in Czech male population and its associations with biomarkers of liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress

Pálešová,

Bláhová,

Janoš

et al. 2024

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Introduction Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles (BTs) are high-production volume chemicals as well as widely distributed emerging pollutants with potential health risk. However, information about human exposure to BTs and associated health outcomes is limited. Objective We aimed to characterise exposure to BTs among Czech men, including possible occupational exposure among firefighters, its predictors, and its associations with liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress. Methods 165 participants (including 110 firefighters) provided urine and blood samples that were used to quantify the urinary levels of 8 BTs (high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry), and 4 liver enzymes, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine. Linear regression was used to assess associations with population characteristics and biomarkers of liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress. Regression models were adjusted for potential confounding variables and false discovery rate procedure was applied to account for multiplicity. Results The BTs ranged from undetected up to 46.8 ng/mL. 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole was the most predominant compound (detection frequency 83%; median 1.95 ng/mL). 1-methyl-benzotriazole (1M-BTR) was measured in human samples for the first time, with a detection frequency 77% and median 1.75 ng/mL. Professional firefighters had lower urinary 1M-BTR compared to non-firefighters. Urinary 1M-BTR was associated with levels of γ-glutamyl transferase (β = − 17.54%; 95% CI: − 26.127, − 7.962). Conclusion This is the first study to investigate BT exposure in Central Europe, including potentially exposed firefighters. The findings showed a high prevalence of BTs in the study population, the relevance of 1M-BTR as a new biomarker of exposure, and an urgent need for further research into associated adverse health outcomes. Graphical abstract

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Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Butyl Carbitol, and Organic Corrosion Inhibitors in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams: Implications for Vapor Intrusion and the Environment

Cited by 20 publications

References 112 publications

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Field-Collected Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Field-Collected Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids

Evaluating Neutral PFAS for Potential Dermal Absorption from the Gas Phase

Exposure to benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in Czech male population and its associations with biomarkers of liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress

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