Neurotransmitter candidates in the visual system of Limulus polyphemus: Synthesis and distribution of octopamine

Battelle, Barbara‐Anne

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(80)90072-3

Cited by 66 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Biochemical evidence that acetylcholine is synthesized by the lateral and median optic nerves in Limulus (Battelle, 1980) is consistent with the strong AChE staining we observed. Likewise, the characterization of both acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase activity in synaptosomes prepared from the Limulus central nervous system (Newkirk et al, 1981) is consistent with the widely distributed strong AChE staining we report throughout the brain.…”

Section: Significance Of Ache Staining In Limulussupporting

confidence: 90%

Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the lateral eye and brain ofLimulus polyphemus: Might acetylcholine be a neurotransmitter for lateral inhibition in the lateral eye?

1994

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The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the lateral eye and brain of the horseshoe crab was investigated with histochemical means using standard controls to eliminate butyrylcholinesterase and nonspecific staining. Intense staining was observed in the neural plexus of the lateral compound eye, in the lateral optic nerve, and in various neuropils of the brain. Nerve fibers with moderate to weak staining were widespread in the brain. No somata were stained in either the lateral eye or the brain. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the supraesophageal ganglia and nerves of the giant barnacle was also investigated for comparison. Although both the median optic nerve of the barnacle and the lateral optic nerve of the horseshoe crab appear to contain the fibers of histaminergic neurons, only the lateral optic nerve of the horseshoe crab shows AChE staining. Other parts of the barnacle nervous system, however, showed intense AChE staining. These results along with the histochemical controls eliminate the possibility that some molecule found in histaminergic neurons accounted for the AChE staining but support the possibility that acetylcholine might be involved as a neurotransmitter in lateral inhibition in the horseshoe crab retina. Two reasonable neurotransmitter candidates for lateral inhibition, histamine and acetylcholine, must now be investigated.

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Section: Significance Of Ache Staining In Limulussupporting

confidence: 90%

Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the lateral eye and brain ofLimulus polyphemus: Might acetylcholine be a neurotransmitter for lateral inhibition in the lateral eye?

1994

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“…The ventral eyes, proximal segments of the lateral optic nerve (LON), and lateral eyes were removed from animals during the afternoon and placed into MOPS buffered Limulus saline (Warren and Pierce, 1982) containing 5 mM glucose. The ventral optic nerves were dissected free of surrounding blood vessels and divided into photoreceptor cell body-rich fractions (P-fractions) and axonal-rich fractions (A-fractions), which were virtually devoid of photoreceptor cell bodies (Battelle, 1980). The P-fractions were divided further so that 4 samples containing approximately the same number of photoreceptor cell bodies were obtained from each animal.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Octopamine- and cyclic AMP-stimulated phosphorylation of a protein in Limulus ventral and lateral eyes

Edwards¹,

Battelle²

1987

J. Neurosci.

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The biogenic amine octopamine (OCT) fulfills most of the criteria as a neurotransmitter of efferent fibers that project to lateral and ventral eyes of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. OCT is synthesized by and released from the efferent fibers, and OCT mimics many of the effects of endogenous efferent activity. OCT stimulates an increase in intracellular adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) in both ventral and lateral eyes, and many of the physiological effects of OCT in these eyes appear to be mediated via cAMP-dependent mechanisms. Here we show that OCT, acting apparently through an OCT-specific receptor, stimulates the increased phosphorylation of a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 122 kDa in both ventral and lateral eyes. This protein is also phosphorylated in response to 8-bromo cAMP and forskolin, suggesting that its phosphorylation involves activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We present evidence that the 122 kDa protein may be widely distributed in the Limulus visual system but that its phosphorylation in intact tissue in response to OCT, or agents acting through cAMP, may be restricted to portions containing photoreceptor cell bodies. The 122 kDa protein is quantitatively a major cellular protein in the photoreceptor cell body enriched portions of the ventral eye, its isoelectric point is between pH 6.2 and 6.4, and it is associated with both cell membranes and the cytoplasm. The function of this protein is not yet known. It may be important in mediating one or more of the effects of octopamine on Limulus vision.

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“…Battelle (1980) did not find synthesis of dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, or y-aminobutyric acid. Likewise surveys with antibodies (Chamberlain and Engbretson, 1982) did not uncover any immunoreactivity indicating the presence of substance P, leucine enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, glucagon, bombesin, ranatensin, oxytocin, somatostatin, or neurotensin in ventral photoreceptors.…”

Section: Ultrastructure Of Uitally-staining Residual Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…These were coated with Kodak NT2B emulsion, exposed for 1-2 weeks, developed in Dektol, counterstained with toluidine blue, and observed and photographed with the light microscope. Biochemical characterization of the resulting radioactive products has been reported in detail elsewhere (Battelle, 1980;Evans et al, 1983). Of the radioactivity closely associated with photoreceptor cell bodies approximately 80% could be attributed to newly synthesized octopamine (58%) or octopamine metabolite (20%) which could be acid hydroiized back to octopamine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Subcellular localization of neutral red staining in Limulus ventral photoreceptors

1984

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Limulus ventral photoreceptors are vitally stained by neutral red. In other systems such staining has been correlated with the presence of monoamines or neuropeptides. The stained cellular components in ventral photoreceptors are clusters of small ovoids which have been identified as residual bodies. These structures are unlikely candidates for monoamine or neuropeptide synthesis or storage sites, but may be part of the cyclic synthesis and degradation of photosensitive membrane. While vital staining with neutral red is a particularly useful method for identifying certain classes of neurons in vivo, in the case of ventral photoreceptors, the association of the vital staining property with the presence of a particular class of neurotransmitter candidates has proven difficult. Neutral red is useful, however, for visualizing the segmentation of ventral photoreceptors in vivo.

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Neurotransmitter candidates in the visual system of Limulus polyphemus: Synthesis and distribution of octopamine

Cited by 66 publications

References 35 publications

Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the lateral eye and brain ofLimulus polyphemus: Might acetylcholine be a neurotransmitter for lateral inhibition in the lateral eye?

Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the lateral eye and brain ofLimulus polyphemus: Might acetylcholine be a neurotransmitter for lateral inhibition in the lateral eye?

Octopamine- and cyclic AMP-stimulated phosphorylation of a protein in Limulus ventral and lateral eyes

Subcellular localization of neutral red staining in Limulus ventral photoreceptors

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