Neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects of fenthion and omethoate on frogs at acute exposure

Abstract

The study was carried out to investigate the neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects of fenthion- and omethoate-used agricultural areas on frogs (Rana ridibunda) at acute exposure. The neurotoxic effects of the chemicals were evaluated by measuring the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Biomarkers selected for immunotoxic monitoring were the activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in various tissues of frogs exposed to 10 or 20 parts per million (ppm) dosages of fenthion and omethoate for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Results showed that the administrations of chemicals fluctuated AChE and BChE activities in some tissues of frogs treated with both dosages at all the periods. With regard to the immunotoxic effects, MPO activity was increased in almost all the tissues of frogs after 10 and 20 ppm dosages and for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure of fenthion and omethoate as compared to those of control whereas ADA activity did not change in all the tissues. This may reflect the potential role of these parameters as useful biomarkers for toxicity of fenthion and omethoate.

The effect of long-term corticosterone treatment on blood cell differentials and function in laboratory and wild-caught amphibian models

“…Malathion and dieldrin exposure decreased oxidative burst activity of whole blood (Gilbertson et al, 2003). In related measures of innate immune cell activity, fenthion and omethoate increased myeloperoxidase enzyme activity and oxidative burst was unchanged by dietary deltamethrin exposure (Celik et al, 2010;Froese et al, 2009). Given the evidence that exposure to some chemicals influence glucocorticoid concentrations in amphibians the importance of determining trends in chemical exposure-endocrine-immune interactions is highlighted (Hayes et al, 2006;Hopkins et al, 1997;McMahon et al, 2011).…”

Acute effects of fenthion on certain oxidative stress biomarkers in various tissues of frogs (Rana ridibunda)

“…A study carried out in the liver of Cyprinus carpio indicated that 400 mg/kg N -acetyl- l -cysteine (NAC) had an additive effect on fenthion-induced oxidative stress by deranging reduced glutathione (GSH) redox status, decreasing GSH-related enzyme activities, and increasing lipid peroxidation (Sevgiler et al, 2007). On the other hand, a previous study carried out in the tissues of Rana ridibunda indicated that fenthion and omethoate had neurotoxic and immunotoxic effect by deranging acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and myeloperoxidase enzyme activities (Celik et al, 2011). By the agricultural runoff, these xenobiotics are transferred to the surface water and groundwater with a high risk for aquatic ecosystems and a severe threat to the production of safe drinking water and to human health (Cheng et al, 2002).…”

Evaluation of an acute oral gavage method for assessment of pesticide toxicity in terrestrial amphibians

“…Exposure of marsh frog ( Pelophylax ridibundus ) to 10 and 20 mg/L fenthion or dimethoate for 4 d increased malondialdehyde combined with a fluctuating antioxidant defense system, such as reduced glutathione levels and reduced glutathione peroxidase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the liver, kidney, heart, and brain . Celik et al showed that the same doses of fenthion and dimethoate administed for 4 d caused fluctuations in brain acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, in addition to increased tissue myeloperoxidase, which was indicative of immunotoxicity.…”