Neuropsychological Performance Patterns of Adult ADHD Subtypes

LeRoy, Amy; Jacova, Claudia; Young, C.

doi:10.1177/1087054718773927

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…With regard to subtype-specific cognitive correlates, we found a quantitative differentiation of cognitive profiles among ADHD subtypes regardless of WISC-IV domains in line with previous works [ 7 , 44 , 45 ]. This suggests that all ADHD subtypes display similar cognitive deficits with WM as the most impaired domain but the extent to which ADHD symptoms are close to inattentive vs hyperactive subtype determines the level of impairment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Our results further suggest a quantitative differentiation of cognitive profiles among ADHD subtypes with working memory as the most compromised cognitive domain with the lowest value in ADHD-I. Moreover, we found a converging pattern of ADHD subtype-specific differences in self-esteem rating with a significantly higher-rated self-esteem in ADHD-H compared to ADHD-I and ADHD-C. With regard to subtype-specific cognitive correlates, we found a quantitative differentiation of cognitive profiles among ADHD subtypes regardless of WISC-IV domains in line with previous works [7,44,45]. This suggests that all ADHD subtypes display similar cognitive deficits with WM as the most impaired domain but the extent to which ADHD symptoms are close to inattentive vs hyperactive subtype determines the level of impairment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference

Molavi¹,

Nadermohammadi²,

Ghojehbeiglou³

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder with heterogeneous symptoms, subtypes, and cognitive deficits. Cognitive deficits are central to ADHD pathophysiology and one potential source of heterogeneity in ADHD. Subtype-specific cognitive correlates are not, however, well-studied. We explored cognitive correlates of ADHD subtypes based on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) scores. We also assessed subtype-specific self-esteem rating in ADHD subtypes and explored its association with cognitive correlates. Methods One hundred thirty-nine children with ADHD (80.6% boy, 19.4% girl) were categorized into the predominantly “hyperactive (ADHD-H)”, “inattentive (ADHD-I)” and “combined (ADHD-C)” subtype based on their symptoms and scores on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL) and Conners Parent-Rating Scale (CPRS-RS). They were then individually administrated the WISC-IV and completed a self-esteem inventory. Group differences in the WISC-IV indices and their predictability in discriminating ADHD subtypes were analyzed. Results We found a quantitative differentiation of cognitive abilities among ADHD subtypes with “working memory” as the most compromised cognitive domain. ADHD-I had the poorest cognitive profile while ADHD-H scored highest in all cognitive domains. Importantly, cognitive abilities were negatively correlated with inattention and positively correlated with hyperactive symptoms. Moreover, self-esteem ratings were positively correlated with the cognitive domains and were rated differently based on the subtypes. ADHD-H, with the highest cognitive strength, reported the highest level of self-esteem among all subtypes. Conclusions ADHD subtype-specific symptoms, cognitive deficits, and self-esteem problems should be considered for precise diagnosis and effective and personalized treatment in ADHD in light of further supporting evidence and assessments. Cognitive interventions might be more compatible with and effective in inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD. Working memory improving-based interventions can benefit all ADHD subtypes. A supportive educational system in school and providing adjunct supportive interventions should be considered for children with ADHD as well.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference

Molavi¹,

Nadermohammadi²,

Ghojehbeiglou³

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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“…Participants were excluded if they:Self-reported as a daily smoker [38,39];Self-reported being pregnant [40];Exercised within 5 h of testing [15];Consumed caffeine within 3 h of testing [41];Had a concussion or head trauma within the past 30 days [42];Took marijuana or other illegal drugs within the past 30 days [43];Had been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or a learning disability [44]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Had been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or a learning disability [44].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Long-Term Emotional Memory

Wade

Loprinzi

2018

JCM

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Emerging work suggests that acute, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may help to subserve episodic memory of neutral stimuli. Less investigated, however, is whether acute exercise is associated with enhanced memory recognition of emotional stimuli, which was the purpose of this experiment. A parallel-group randomized controlled experiment was employed. Participants (mean age = 20 yr) were randomized into an exercise (n = 17) or control group (n = 17). The exercise group engaged in a 15-min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill walking. Emotional memory recognition was assessed via images from the International Affective Picture System, including assessments of varying degrees of valence and arousal. Memory recognition was assessed at 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days post-memory encoding. We observed a significant main effect for time (F(2) = 104.2, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.77) and a significant main effect for valence–arousal classification (F(4) = 21.39, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.40), but there was no significant time by group interaction (F(2) = 1.09, p = 0.34, η2p = 0.03), classification by group interaction (F(4) = 0.12, p = 0.97, η2p = 0.01), time by classification interaction (F(8) = 1.78, p = 0.08, η2p = 0.05), or time by classification by group interaction (F(8) = 0.78, p = 0.62, η2p = 0.02). In conclusion, emotional memory recognition decreased over the 14-day follow-up period and this rate of memory decay was not altered by acute moderate-intensity exercise engagement. We discuss these findings in the context of exercise intensity and the temporal effects of exercise.

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“…The heterogeneous characteristics between females and males mentioned above raise the question of possible differences in cognitive function. The cognitive areas that are most notably affected in ADHD patients include sustained and focused attention, working memory, inhibitory control and response inhibition [ 10 , 25 – 28 ]. Few studies have compared cognitive functionality between men and women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in adult ADHD: Cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance

et al. 2020

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Introduction The aim of this study was to assess cognitive differences between male and female adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods Patients with an ADHD diagnosis according to the DSM-IV guidelines were included in a cross-sectional study evaluating cognitive measures. 28 women and 41 men from ages 19 to 56 completed self-report questionnaires and performed a computer-based test of attentional performance (TAP). The TAP assesses cognitive functions highly affected in ADHD patients, including working memory, alertness and attention as well as behavioral control and response inhibition. Results There were no measurable differences in self-report scales assessing current symptomology between the sexes, however men scored higher on the scale for childhood symptoms. Performance measures for general wakefulness were comparable between men and women, while working memory and behavioral control test results differed. Females reacted significantly slower and more unstable for both the TAP Go/NoGo paradigm and working memory subtest, while also making more errors in the latter. Conclusions We found gender-specific effects regarding working memory and behavioral control in this sample of adult patients with ADHD. Further studies are warranted, examining whether these differences relate to differences in clinical presentation and comorbidity patterns between men and women.

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Neuropsychological Performance Patterns of Adult ADHD Subtypes

Cited by 30 publications

References 57 publications

ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference

ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference

The Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Long-Term Emotional Memory

Gender differences in adult ADHD: Cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance

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