ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference

Molavi, Parviz; Nadermohammadi, Mehriar; Ghojehbeiglou, Habibeh Salvat; Vicario, Carmelo M.; Nitsche, Michael A.; Salehinejad, Mohammad Ali

doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02887-4

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…ADHD is a major neurodevelopmental disorder, and executive dysfunctions are central for its psychopathology ( Willcutt et al, 2005 ). Results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies, and behavioural studies exploring EFs show predominantly cold EF deficits in the psychopathology, and pathophysiology of ADHD ( Antonini et al, 2015 ; Hobson et al, 2011 ; Molavi et al, 2020b ; Rubia, 2018 ). Regarding hot EFs, results are mixed, with some studies reporting deficits in affective/motivational EF tasks ( Nejati et al, 2020 ), while others report unimpaired hot EF functions ( Antonini et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Clinical Implications Of Hot–cold Efs For Neuropsychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network

Salehinejad

Ghanavati

Rashid

et al. 2021

Brain and Neuroscience Advances

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154

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Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Different models and approaches are proposed for describing how executive functions are functionally organised in the brain. One popular and recently proposed organising principle of executive functions is the distinction between hot (i.e. reward or affective-related) versus cold (i.e. purely cognitive) domains of executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is traditionally linked to executive functions, but on the other hand, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are hugely involved in executive functions as well. In this review, we first define executive functions, their domains, and the appropriate methods for studying them. Second, we discuss how hot and cold executive functions are linked to different areas of the prefrontal cortex. Next, we discuss the association of hot versus cold executive functions with the cingulate cortex, focusing on the anterior and posterior compartments. Finally, we propose a functional model for hot and cold executive function organisation in the brain with a specific focus on the fronto-cingular network. We also discuss clinical implications of hot versus cold cognition in major neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism) and attempt to characterise their profile according to the functional dominance or manifest of hot–cold cognition. Our model proposes that the lateral prefrontal cortex along with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are more relevant for cold executive functions, while the medial–orbital prefrontal cortex along with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex are more closely involved in hot executive functions. This functional distinction, however, is not absolute and depends on several factors including task features, context, and the extent to which the measured function relies on cognition and emotion or both.

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Section: Clinical Implications Of Hot–cold Efs For Neuropsychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network

Salehinejad

Ghanavati

Rashid

et al. 2021

Brain and Neuroscience Advances

Self Cite

154

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…ADHD is a major neurodevelopmental disorder, and executive dysfunctions are central for its psychopathology (Willcutt et al, 2005). Results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies, and behavioural studies exploring EFs show predominantly cold EF deficits in the psychopathology, and pathophysiology of ADHD (Antonini et al, 2015;Hobson et al, 2011;Rubia, 2018;Molavi et al, 2020b). Regarding hot EFs, results are mixed, with some studies reporting deficits in affective/motivational EF tasks (Nejati et al, 2020), while others report unimpaired hot EF functions (Antonini et al, 2015).…”

Section: Substance Use Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network

Salehinejad¹,

Ghanavati²,

Rashid³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Executive functions (EFs), or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Different models and approaches are proposed for describing how EFs are functionally organized in the brain. One popular and recently proposed organizing principle of EFs is the distinction between hot (i.e., reward or affective-related) vs cold (i.e., purely cognitive) domains of EFs. The prefrontal cortex is traditionally linked to EFs, but on the other hand, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are involved in EFs as well. In this review, we first define EFs, their domains, and the appropriate methods for studying them. Second, we discuss how hot and cold EFs are linked to different areas of the prefrontal cortex. Third, we discuss the association of hot vs cold EFs with the cingulate cortex with a specific focus on anterior and posterior compartments. Finally, we propose a functional model for hot and cold EF organization in the brain with a specific focus on the fronto-cingular network. We also discuss clinical implications of hot vs cold cognition in major neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism) and attempt to characterize their profile according to the functional dominance of hot-cold cognition. Our model proposes that the lateral prefrontal cortex, along with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are more relevant for cold EFs and the medial-orbital prefrontal cortex along with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex are more closely involved in hot EFs. This functional distinction, however, is not absolute and depends on several factors including task features, context, and the extent to which the measured function relies on cognition and emotion or both.

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“…Epidemiological data have documented that 60∼80% of children with ADHD continue to show symptoms in adulthood. Generally, children with ADHD are susceptible to cognitive impairments, lower self-esteem, sexual and social problems, and psychiatric comorbidities (4)(5)(6). In addition, it has profound impacts on the education, career, and social functions in the adulthood of persistent patients (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Adult Clinical and Academic Outcomes in Boys With ADHD: A 7- to 10-Year Follow-Up Study in China

Ren

Fang

et al. 2021

Front. Pediatr.

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Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood and causes adverse effects on social functioning. The present study aimed to widely investigate the predictors, particularly childhood intelligence quotient (IQ) and family environment factors, on adult clinical and academic outcomes in boys with ADHD.Methods: A total of 101 boys with ADHD in a Chinese Han ADHD cohort were followed up 7–10 years later. Baseline ADHD symptoms were evaluated using the parent version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) and the Chinese version of the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-48). The intelligence of the child was tested by the China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC), and family function was assessed by the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Edition (FES-CV). Adult ADHD persistence was defined using DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, and academic outcome fell into two categories: higher academic level group (studying in senior middle school or above) and lower academic level group (studying in vocational secondary schools or below).Results: Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the father's character, impulsive–hyperactive index as measured by the CPRS-48, and intellectual–cultural index as measured by the FES-CV independently predicted clinical outcomes in adults, with an AUC of 0.770 (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.678–0.863). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.743 and 0.727, respectively. The father's education level, family economic level, and verbal IQ (VIQ) on the C-WISC independently predicted adult academic outcomes, with an AUC of 0.870 (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.796–0.944). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.813 and 0.783, respectively.Conclusion: Initial ADHD symptom severity and IQ, father's character and education level, and family atmosphere and function affect adult clinical and academic outcomes. Addressing these areas early may help to improve the prognosis of ADHD into adulthood.

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ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference

Cited by 28 publications

References 59 publications

Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network

Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network

Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network

Predicting the Adult Clinical and Academic Outcomes in Boys With ADHD: A 7- to 10-Year Follow-Up Study in China

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