Neuropsychological Aspects Of Disorientation

Daniel, Walter F.; Crovitz, Herbert F.; Weiner, Richard D.

doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(87)80030-8

Cited by 57 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…That is, the older a memory is, the more resistant it is to loss due to head injury. Although some researchers have used this "law" as a theoretical framework within which to present their findings (Albert, Butters, & Levin, 1979;Daniel, Crovitz, & Weiner, 1987;, it is more descriptive than explanatory. Ribot proposed no mechanism whereby this resistance to forgetting/disruption occurred.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Brown

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Recent research on the cognitive dysfunctions experienced by human anmesic patients indicates that very long term (multidecade) changes may occur in memory. Flat retrograde amnesia (RA), consisting of a uniform memory deficit for information from all preamnesia time periods, indicates a simple, monolithic retrieval problem, whereas graded RA, with greater memory deficits for information from recent as opposed to remote time periods, suggests the presence of a gradual long-term encoding, or consolidation, process. An evaluation of 247 outcomes from 61 articles provides strong evidence of graded RA across different cerebral injuries, materials, and test procedures, as well as in measures of both absolute and relative (patient vs. control) performance. Future conceptualizationsof human memory should address the possibility that memories increase in resistanceto forgetting, or reduction in trace fragility, across many decades. THEORETICAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flat RA: Dall'Ora, Della Sala, & Spinnler (1989); Daniel, Crovitz, & Weiner (1987); R. Wilson, Kaszniak, & Fox (1981).…”

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Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Brown

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…On the other hand, disorientation may be limited to one specific domain -space, time, or person (2, [36][37][38][39][40]. In addition, patients with traumatic brain injury or after electro-convulsive therapy regain their orientation gradually, from personal to spatial and temporal orientation (41,42) whereas patients with Alzheimer's disease typically lose orientation in time first, then in place, and then in person, suggesting that partially separate systems underlie orientation in each domain.…”

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confidence: 99%

Brain system for mental orientation in space, time, and person

Peer

Salomon

Goldberg

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Orientation is a fundamental mental function that processes the relations between the behaving self to space (places), time (events), and person (people). Behavioral and neuroimaging studies have hinted at interrelations between processing of these three domains. To unravel the neurocognitive basis of orientation, we used highresolution 7T functional MRI as 16 subjects compared their subjective distance to different places, events, or people. Analysis at the individual-subject level revealed cortical activation related to orientation in space, time, and person in a precisely localized set of structures in the precuneus, inferior parietal, and medial frontal cortex. Comparison of orientation domains revealed a consistent order of cortical activity inside the precuneus and inferior parietal lobes, with space orientation activating posterior regions, followed anteriorly by person and then time. Core regions at the precuneus and inferior parietal lobe were activated for multiple orientation domains, suggesting also common processing for orientation across domains. The medial prefrontal cortex showed a posterior activation for time and anterior for person. Finally, the default-mode network, identified in a separate resting-state scan, was active for all orientation domains and overlapped mostly with person-orientation regions. These findings suggest that mental orientation in space, time, and person is managed by a specific brain system with a highly ordered internal organization, closely related to the default-mode network.cognitive map | disorientation | precuneus | default network | fMRI

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“…The absence of a beneficial effect of naloxone on the speed of orientation recovery was congruent with the findings regarding retrograde amnesia. There is evidence linking the magnitude and persistence of retrograde amnesia following ECT to the speed of postictal orientation recovery (Daniel et al 1987;Sobin et al 1995). Thus, the beneficial effects of high dose naloxone were restricted to aspects of cognitive performance assessed during the postictal period, and did not extend to memory for information learned just prior to ECT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naloxone in the Prevention of the Adverse Cognitive Effects of ECT A Within-Subject, Placebo Controlled Study

Prudic¹,

Fitzsimons

Nobler

et al. 1999

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for major depression, but is also associated with characteristic cognitive side effects. Several reports document that endogenous opioids and their receptors are activated by electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and that naloxone in doses sufficient to block endogenous opioid receptors may reverse ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. This placebo-controlled, randomized, within-patient study was conducted to examine the potential of naloxone, given in doses sufficient to block opioid receptors (high dose)Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for major depression and a variety of other disorders . However, the cognitive side effects of ECT are the major factor limiting its use. The cognitive consequences of ECT involve a period of postictal disorientation immediately following the induced seizure, as well as a pattern of more sustained neuropsychological deficits, principally anterograde and retrograde amnesia .There is substantial evidence that electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in experimental animals alters the concentrations of endogenous opioid peptides and the density of their receptors (Holaday et al. 1986). Opioids produce effects through at least three different receptors, , ␦ , and (Mansour et al. 1988; Quirion 1988). The receptors and ␦ have been extensively studied, and agonists at these receptors generally interfere with learning and memory, resulting in both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. The role of receptors in learning and memory is more complex. While agonists may impair memory in a dose-dependent fashion (Colombo et al., 1992), From they may also ameliorate memory deficits due to disruption of cholinergic transmission (Hiramatsu et al. 1996).Repeated ECS stimulates the release of proenkephalin and proopiomelanocortin ( ␤ -endorphin) (Tortella et al. 1989) and results in increased abundance of mRNA for preproenkepohalin in the hypothalmus and hippocampus (Yoshikawa et al. 1985;Xie et al. 1989;Simmons and Chavkin 1996). In the perforant pathway, projecting from entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal dentate gyrus, repeated ECS results in increased enkephalin immunostaining. In contrast, the release of dynorphin appears to be more complex. While increased dynorphin immunostaining has been found in limbic and basal ganglia structures, chronic ECS results in decreased levels in the mossy fiber axons of the dentate granule cells (Kanamatsu et al. 1986;Lasön et al. 1992). Overall, it appears that repeated ECS results in widespread increased synthesis and release in the proenkephalin system, and large decreases in the prodynorphin system in the hippocampus. Increased peptide synthesis and release may account for some findings of a sustained decreased density of and ␦ receptors following chronic ECS (Nakata et al. 1985;Crain et al. 1987). In humans, ECT has been found to result acutely in large increases in plasma ␤ -endorphin immunoreactivity (Alexopoulos et al. 1983;Weizman et al. 1987;Young et al. 1991).In a number of models...

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Neuropsychological Aspects Of Disorientation

Cited by 57 publications

References 65 publications

Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Brain system for mental orientation in space, time, and person

Naloxone in the Prevention of the Adverse Cognitive Effects of ECT A Within-Subject, Placebo Controlled Study

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