Neuroprotective effect ofPanax ginsengextract against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion-injury-induced oxidative stress in middle cerebral artery occlusion models

Abstract

The present study investigated the in vivo neuroprotective role of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) pretreatment against transient cerebral ischemia in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Rats were randomly divided as follows: group I, control; group II, sham-operated; group III, where animals were subjected to MCAO surgery; and group IV, where animals were orally administered 10 mL PGE per day (200 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 30 d followed by MCAO induction at day 31. Following 24 h of reperfusion, blood and tissue (brain, liver, and kidney) samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological examination. Biochemical testing included lipid profile, liver enzymes, kidney function tests, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, and total protein estimation. Tissue antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione) were assessed in brain, liver, and kidney tissues. MCAO-induced histopathological changes were also examined in the tissues. Pretreatment with PGE showed significant improvement in tissue antioxidant status in brain, liver and kidney tissues. PGE treatment maintains plasma lipid profile, liver enzymes, kidney function, and CRP, LDH, and glucose levels. Histologically, monocytes and macrophage infiltration were observed in the tissues of MCAO animals, whereas PGE treatment preserved tissue architecture and minimal monocyte infiltration. PGE supplementation showed a neuroprotective effect against ischemia–reperfusion injury by effectively increasing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity.

Biofunctional characterization of red, black and white ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) root extracts

“…Lee et al (2012) determined acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of ethanol samples of black and white ginseng and found maximum inhibition with estimated IC50 values of 5.37 mg/mL and 2.64 mg/mL respectively. Recently, Panax ginseng increased the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and thus prevented the central nervous system from damage caused by reoxygenation injury (Shamim and Khan, 2019). Alpha glucosidase secreted from intestinal cells is involved in hydrolyzing carbohydrates to simple sugar thus increasing glucose level leading towards diabetes.…”

Curcumin attenuates sensorimotor deficits induced by selective neuronal loss: A study in middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model of transient ischemic stroke.

“…After 15 minutes of occlusion, the monofilament was withdrawn to allow for reperfusion (24 hrs.). The neck skin incision was sutured back, and the animal was allowed to recover 10,25 .…”

“…Sham-operated animals receive the same MCAO surgery, including the exposure of all carotid arteries without monofilament insertion and occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. *Of note: control, sham and MCAO groups were based on previous literature 25 .…”

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“…Neurological dysfunction were assessed after 2 h of MCAO and then every day for the next 5 days (Shamim and Khan, 2019). The behavioural impairments and post chemical motor were examined using a 4-point neuro score (Yuan et al, 2020).…”