Modelado de la biodegradación en biorreactores de lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos (Biodegradation modeling of sludge bioreactors of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathering in soil and sediments)

Abstract. Allium sativum (garlic), an aromatic bulbous plant is one of the most vital and oldest authenticated herbs which has been utilized from ancient times as a traditional medicine. A. sativum has cardioprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anticancer properties due to a large range of phenolic compounds and sulfur containing compounds. The current study was conducted to assess the antioxidant chemistry, and numerous bioactivities of A. sativum bulbs extracts in different solvents. Ethanol fraction was the most active antioxidant and showed maximum total phenolic content (16.18 g GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (95.04 g CE/100 g) and free radical scavenging activity (75.50 %). Methanol (4 %) fraction exhibited maximum antiglycation activity. Aqueous, n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited maximal (52 %, 24 % and 38 %) inhibitions of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase respectively. In an antimicrobial assay, ethanol (59.05 %) and chloroform (72.92 %) fractions showed maximum inhibition of Pasturella multocida and Staphylococcus aureus strains respectively. n-butanol and n-hexane fractions showed maximum (31 %) antihemolytic activity and (20 %) thrombolytic activities respectively. A. sativum bulb extracts and fractions have noteworthy bio-efficacies that holds promise to be used as a source of natural drug to cure various disorders.   Resumen. Allium sativum (ajo), una planta bulbosa aromática, es una de las hierbas autenticadas más vitales y antiguas que se han utilizado desde la antigüedad como medicina tradicional. A. sativum tiene propiedades cardioprotectoras, antimicrobianas, anti-inflamatorias, anti-diabéticas, anti-oxidantes y anti-cancerígenas debido a una amplia gama de compuestos fenólicos y compuestos que contienen azufre. El estudio actual se llevó a cabo para evaluar la química antioxidante y numerosas bioactividades de extractos de rizoma de A. sativum en diferentes disolventes. La fracción de etanol tuvo la mayor actividad antioxidante y mostró un contenido fenólico total máximo (16.18 g GAE / 100 g), contenido total de flavonoides (95.04 g CE / 100 g) y actividad captadora de radicales libres (75.50 %). La fracción de metanol (4 %) exhibió la mayor actividad de antiglicación. Las fracciones acuosa, de n-hexano y de acetato de etilo inhibieron la actividad de alfa-amilasa, alfa-glucosidasa y acetilcolinesterasa, en 52 %, 24 % y 38 % respectivamente. En el ensayo antimicrobiano, las fracciones de etanol (59.05 %) y cloroformo (72.92 %) mostraron una inhibición máxima de las cepas de Pasturella multocida y Staphylococcus aureus, respectivamente. Las fracciones de n-butanol y n-hexano mostraron actividad anti-hemolítica (31 %) y trombolítica (20 %) respectivamente. Los extractos y fracciones de rizoma de A. sativum tienen bioeficacia notable con potencial de ser utilizadas como una fuente de fármaco natural para curar diversos trastornos.

SARS-CoV-2 a RNA virus, is a novel virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and has caused the most lethal pandemic of the current century. Various variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been circulating since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak. Its variants are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delt, Mu and Omicron. The fusion of the viral envelope and host membrane occurs when the spike protein of the virus interacts with the host's ACE2 receptor, resulting in the release of viral RNA into the cytoplasm of the host cell. This process is a crucial step in the viral replication cycle, as it allows the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery to produce more copies of itself. Post-COVID-19 complications such as reduced blood flow to the pancreas, myocardial damage and elevated blood clotting levels have been observed. Studies have shown that individuals with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are more susceptible to contracting COVID-19. There is still an ongoing debate among experts regarding the impact of asthma as a premorbid condition on the course of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The goal of this review is to give a general description of SARS-CoV-2 and highlight COVID-19's potentially negative effects on health.

Trigonella foenum-graecum and Zingiber officinale are used as traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, a comparative analysis and bioactivities of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale lack some necessary information for therapeutic purposes. This study was designed to evaluate the biochemical characterizations and biological efficacy of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiamnesic, and cytotoxic agents. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Antidiabetic potentials were evaluated by glycation, alpha-amylase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays. We performed biochemical characterization through analyses of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Results revealed that total phenolic contents (TPCs) (g GAE/100 g) of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale were 5.74 ± 0.81 g and 6.15 ± 0.06 g, respectively, and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) varied from 1.51 ± 0.58 g CE/100 g to 17.54 ± 0.58. DPPH scavenging potentials of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale extract were 50.27% and 88.82%, respectively. Antiglycation potentials of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale showed a maximum activity at 16–29% and 96%. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 9.43–24.95 and 10.52–27.89 and 54.97%, respectively. All the test samples of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale showed acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential at 0.37–46.88%. HPLC analysis of T. foenum-graecum revealed the presence of quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and cumeric acid, while Z. officinale revealed the quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p.Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds, amines, and carbonyl groups in T. foenum-graecum, while alcohol, alkane, alkene, ketone, amine, and ether are bioactives present in the methanolic extract of Z. officinale. It was concluded that a comparative analysis of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale showed that Z. officinale showed higher therapeutic effects.

Background: Medicinal plants contain organic chemicals with different properties. As synthetic medications can create deleterious effects, therefore, use of safe natural medicinal adjuncts like Stevia rebaudiana is endorsed. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective and renoprotective attributes of Stevia rebaudiana leaves in the diabetic rat model. Methodology: Single dose of alloxan monohydrate was given to induce Diabetes mellitus in the rats. Plant extract treatment along with synthetic drug glibenclamide was given to rats for about 28 days to check their efficacies (antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective and reno-protective) by using commercially available kits. Results: Treatment showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, and a rise in insulin, although it could not normalize these biomarkers after 28 days of treatment. Catalase (CAT) activity was restored yet it was not significantly improved in the case of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Changes in lipid peroxidation products were trivial. Ingestion of Stevia rebaudiana significantly reduced Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) levels, however, changes in Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT), and Total Protein (TP) were not significant. Similarly, treatment with Stevia rebaudiana reduced serum urea, creatinine and urinary albumin in diabetic animals. Conclusion: It is established that Stevia rebaudiana leaves have multiple benefits and can be an exceptional nutraceutical.

Aim: To investigate pathological conditions of COVID-19 individuals having type 1 diabetes throughout hospitalization and home isolation. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 32 COVID-19 in addition T1D individuals who sought therapy at Services Hospital, Lahore, between May 1, 2021, and July 30, 2021. Patient information was obtained from electronic medical records. Results: 23.8 percent of 32 COVID-19 individuals having T1D needed hospitalization, whereas 78.1 percent needed home isolation. 10.6 percent (4/35) of the study group had hypertension, 23.7 percent (8/34) had chronic pulmonary disease (CPD), 17.9 percent (7/35) had thyroid abnormalities, and 19.9 percent (7/37) had celiac disease. Of the 36 individuals tested, 66.9 percent (21/37) were classified as normal, 29.3 percent (10/36) as having serious kidney illness (CKD) II, and 4.3 percent (2/37) as having end-stage renal failure. The most facing health reported amongst hospitalized individuals remained nausea and vomiting (72.5 percent; 5/7), fever (57.1 percent; 4/7), cough (42.8 percent; 3/7), sore throat (42.8 percent; 3/7), stomach discomfort (42.8 percent; 3/7), and dyspnea (42. percent; 3/7). Diabetic ketoacidosis (71.4 percent; 5/7) was the most prevalent cause for hospitalization, followed by bacterial pneumonia (14.3 percent; 1/7), fever (14.3 percent; 1/7), sore throat (14.3 percent; 1/7), severe hyperglycemia (14.3 percent; 1/7), and COVID-19 pneumonia (14.3 percent; 1/7). Excluding for harshness of COVID-19 (p 14 0.0001), no demographic or medical indicators revealed statistically substantial changes between patients needing hospitalization also those who could be isolated at home. Conclusion: The popular of COVID-19 T1D individuals healed at home without conservative treatment. The most prevalent cause for admission was diabetic ketoacidosis.

Abstract. Plants have developed the foundation of traditional systems of medicine that have been in existence for thousands of years due to the presence of vital bioactive constitutes. Aside from antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, anticarcinogenic and numerous activities of natural products, limited recognition regarding diverse therapeutic attributes of medicinal plants such as Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale and Parthenium hysterophorus exist. The current study was designed to explore the enzyme inhibitory (alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase) and cytotoxicity capacities of solvent fractions of these indigenous plants. All the samples had inhibitory effects on alpha glucosidase, but methanolic fractionations of each plant exhibited greater inhibitory efficacy against enzyme action compared to other fractionations. Except for the methanolic extract of Parthenium hysterophorus (33.25 ± 0.43), all other studied plants, viz. Zingiber officinale (50.33 ± 0.99), S. cumini (73.91 ± 1.05) and Momordica charantia (72.30 ± 1.17) indicated more than 50% alpha glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitions (percentage inhibition) by different fractions of P. hysterophorus, Z. officinale, S. cumini and M. charantia were in the range of 0.23 ± 0.14 to 11.40 ± 0.26, 13.04 ± 0.11 to 44.05 ± 0.76, 4.21 ± 0.15 to 71.55 ± 0.80 and 1.03 ± 0.09 to 50.12 ± 0.82 respectively. Among all studied plants, Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, and Zingiber officinale were non-mutagenic. Although slight variation in bioactivities was observed, all the botanical extracts are excellent sources of bioactive constituents with the potential to inhibit alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase. Further research in this regard is warranted involving bioassay-guided assessment.   Resumen. Las plantas han desarrollado la base de los sistemas tradicionales de medicina que existen desde hace miles de años debido a la presencia de constituyentes bioactivos vitales. Además de las numerosas actividades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas, hipoglucemiantes, anticancerígenas y de los productos naturales, existe un reconocimiento limitado con respecto a los diversos atributos terapéuticos de las plantas medicinales como Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale y Parthenium hysterophorus. El estudio actual fue diseñado para explorar las capacidades inhibidoras de enzimas (alfa glucosidasa y acetilcolinesterasa) y citotóxicas de las fracciones solventes de estas plantas autóctonas. Todas las muestras tuvieron efectos inhibidores sobre la alfa glucosidasa, pero los fraccionamientos metanólicos de cada planta exhibieron una mayor eficacia inhibidora contra la acción enzimática en comparación con otros fraccionamientos. A excepción del extracto metanólico de Parthenium hysterophorus (33,25 ± 0,43), todas las demás plantas estudiadas, a saber. Zingiber officinale (50,33 ± 0,99), S. cumini (73,91 ± 1,05) y Momordica charantia (72,30 ± 1,17) indicaron más del 50 % de potenciales inhibidores de la alfa glucosidasa. Las inhibiciones de acetilcolinesterasa (porcentaje de inhibición) por diferentes fracciones de P. hysterophorus, Z. officinale, S. cumini y M. charantia estuvieron en el rango de 0,23 ± 0,14 a 11,40 ± 0,26, 13,04 ± 0,11 a 44,05 ± 0,76, 4,21 ± 0,15 a 71,55 ± 0,80 y 1,03 ± 0,09 a 50,12 ± 0,82 respectivamente. Entre todas las plantas estudiadas, Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini y Zingiber officinale no fueron mutagénicas. Aunque se observó una ligera variación en las bioactividades, todos los extractos botánicos son excelentes fuentes de constituyentes bioactivos con el potencial de inhibir la alfa glucosidasa y la acetilcolinesterasa. Se justifica una mayor investigación a este respecto que involucre una evaluación guiada por bioensayo.