Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia

Park, Joon Ha; Kim, Jong Dai; Lee, Tae-Kyeong; Han, Xionggao; Sim, Hyejin; Kim, Bora; Lee, Jae Chul; Ahn, Ji Hyeon; Lee, Choong‐Hyun; Kim, Dae Won; Won, Moo‐Ho; Choi, Soo Young

doi:10.3390/molecules26154592

Cited by 7 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The present study did not investigate the potential active ingredient(s) of PBE. However, accumulating data indicate that maritime pine bark extract contains high levels of procyanidins and proanthocyanidins ( 18 , 53 , 54 ). Based on previous studies, the bark extract of Pinus thunbergii , which is a Korean maritime pine, may also contain procyanidins and proanthocyanidins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pinus thunbergii bark extract rich in flavonoids promotes hair growth in dorsal skin by regulating inflammatory cytokines and increasing growth factors in mice

et al. 2022

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Korean maritime pine bark ( Pinus thunbergii ) has been used as an alternative medicine due to its beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory effects. To date, the anti-inflammatory and hair growth-promoting effects of Pinus densiflora bark extract have remained elusive. Therefore, in the present study, Pinus thunbergii bark was extracted with pure water (100°C) and the extract was examined to determine its polyphenol and flavonoid content. C57BL/6 mice were used to assess the effects of the extract to promote hair growth. The extract (1, 2 and 4%) was topically applied onto shaved dorsal skin and hair growth was observed for 17 days. A significant increase in hair growth was observed with 2 and 4% extract. Based on this finding, the optimal dose of the extract for effective hair growth promotion was determined to be 2%. The mechanisms of hair growth promotion were investigated via immunohistochemical analysis of changes in inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in the hair follicles following treatment with 2% extract. The treatment reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines, while it enhanced the levels of IL-4 and IL-13, which are anti-inflammatory cytokines, in the hair follicles. In addition, elevated insulin-like growth factor I and vascular epidermal growth factor were detected in hair follicles following treatment. Based on these findings, it was suggested that the extract of Pinus thunbergii bark may be utilized for hair loss prevention and/or hair growth promotion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pinus thunbergii bark extract rich in flavonoids promotes hair growth in dorsal skin by regulating inflammatory cytokines and increasing growth factors in mice

et al. 2022

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“…Treatment of PYC attenuated the expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), contributing to its neuroprotective effect in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) model [ 71 ]. In addition, pine bark extract (PBE) containing large amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins significantly inhibited the activation of microglia and decreased the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 72 ]. Therefore, the treatment of KRPBE is considered to have an improvement effect on cognitive function by regulating the expression level of Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Korean Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) Bark Extract Attenuates Aβ-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Regulating Cholinergic Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation

Kim

Kang

et al. 2022

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.

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In this study, we investigated the anti-amnesic effect of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) bark extract (KRPBE) against amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ 1-42 )-induced neurotoxicity. We found that treatment with KRPBE improved the behavioral function in Aβ-induced mice, and also boosted the antioxidant system in mice by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. In addition, KRPBE improved the cholinergic system by suppressing reduced acetylcholine (ACh) content while also activating acetylcholinesterase (AChE), regulating the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), and synaptophysin. KRPBE also showed an ameliorating effect on cerebral mitochondrial deficit by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP levels. Moreover, KRPBE modulated the expression levels of neurotoxicity indicators Aβ and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, p-IκB-α, and IL-1β. Furthermore, we found that KRPBE improved the expression levels of neuronal apoptosis-related markers BAX and BCl-2 and increased the expression levels of BDNF and p-CREB. Therefore, this study suggests that KRPBE treatment has an anti-amnestic effect by modulating cholinergic system dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Aβ 1-42 -induced cognitive impairment in mice.

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“…IR injury was induced in the forebrain containing the hippocampus by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries in accordance with previously described method [15]. In brief, all gerbils were anesthetized with 2-2.5% isoflurane (657801261, Hana Pharm.…”

Section: Ir Injury Induction and Pyc Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extracts derived from plants have been considered as the potential materials of multi-targeting agents for the remedy of neurological diseases such as cerebral ischemia [15,16]. For example, extract from pine bark has been reported to have neuroprotective effects against experimental brain insults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, extract from pine bark has been reported to have neuroprotective effects against experimental brain insults. As in vivo experiments, extract from Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) bark and Pycnogenol ® (PYC), a natural plant extract from French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) bark protects hippocampal pyramidal neurons following IR injury in gerbils [15,17]. As in vitro experiments, PineXol ® , a natural plant extract from Pinus densiflora bark, shows a neuroprotective effect against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative cell death in neuronal PC-12 cells [18], and PYC has a neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced excitotoxic cell death in HT-4 neuronal cells [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Therapeutic Treatment with Pycnogenol® Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury in Gerbils Focusing on Cognitive Impairment, Neuronal Death, BBB Leakage and Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus

Lee¹,

Park²,

Shin³

et al. 2023

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Background: A gerbil model of ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury in the forebrain has been developed for studies on mechanisms, prevention and therapeutic strategies of IR injury in the forebrain. Pycnogenol ® (PYC), a standardized extract of French maritime pine tree (Pinus pinaster Aiton) has been exploited as an additive for dietary supplement. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of post-treatment with PYC and its therapeutic mechanisms in gerbils. Methods: The gerbils were given sham and IR operation and intraperitoneally injected with vehicle and Pycnogenol ® (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) immediately, at 24 hours and 48 hours after sham and IR operation. Through 8-arm radial maze test and passive avoidance test, each spatial memory and short-term memory function was assessed. To examine the neuroprotection of Pycnogenol ® , we conducted cresyl violet staining, immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclei, and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence. Moreover, we carried out immunohistochemistry for immunoglobulin G (IgG) to investigate blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to examine change in pro-inflammatory cytokine. Results: We found that IR-induced memory deficits were significantly ameliorated when 100 mg/kg Pycnogenol ® was treated. In addition, treatment with 100 mg/kg Pycnogenol ® , not 25 mg/kg nor 50 mg/kg, conferred neuroprotective effect against IR injury. For its mechanisms, we found that 100 mg/kg Pycnogenol ® significantly reduced BBB leakage and inhibited the expression of IL-1β. Conclusions: Therapeutic treatment (post-treatment) with Pycnogenol ® after IR effectively attenuated ischemic brain injury in gerbils. Based on these results, we suggest that PYC can be employed as an important material for ischemic drugs.

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Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia

Cited by 7 publications

References 46 publications

Pinus thunbergii bark extract rich in flavonoids promotes hair growth in dorsal skin by regulating inflammatory cytokines and increasing growth factors in mice

Pinus thunbergii bark extract rich in flavonoids promotes hair growth in dorsal skin by regulating inflammatory cytokines and increasing growth factors in mice

Korean Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) Bark Extract Attenuates Aβ-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Regulating Cholinergic Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation

Therapeutic Treatment with Pycnogenol® Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury in Gerbils Focusing on Cognitive Impairment, Neuronal Death, BBB Leakage and Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus

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