CRUSTACEAN HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONE FAMILY IN CRUSTACEANSIn crustaceans, it is well known that major physiological processes such as homeostasis, growth, and reproduction are regulated by neurohormones originating from the major neuroendocrine center, the X-organ-sinus gland complex, which is located, in decapods, within the eyestalks (see ref. 1 for review). These neuropeptides have recently been shown to be structurally related, thus defining a new peptide family designated as the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (cHH) family, with c H H as the first described and the major neurohormone elaborated by the X-organ-sinus gland complex.' Until now, hyperglycemic neuropeptides had been isolated and sequenced from a number of different crustacean species (FIG. 1). cHHs are 72-73 aa residue peptides with six cysteyl residues forming three disulfide bridges in conserved positions. In addition, the primary structure of the cHHs is highly conserved among the different species with a percentage of homology above 60%. Other members of the cHH family are 75-78 aa residue inhibitory neuropeptides involved in the regulation of molting (molt-inhibiting hormone, MIH) and reproduction (gonad-inhibiting hormone, GIH; also called vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone, VIH) (FIG. 1). MIH has been fully characterized in several species of crabs, in a crayfish, and in a shrimp, whereas VIH has been sequenced and cloned in the American lobster only. MIHs and VIH share more than 50% homology, but this value is lower than 30% when both are compared to cHHs. Major differences occur mainly at both ends of the neuropeptide molecules because the percentage of homology between cHHs and MIHs/VIH reaches 50%, with a conserved location of five cysteyl residues, when the central part (positions 23-52) of the molecules is considered. It was recently demonstrated that the mandibular organs of the crab Cnncerpugitrirs, which elaborate juvenile hormonelike compounds and are therefore considered as functional equivalents of insect ''