“…Several investigators have used the application of AChR antagonists such as d-turbocurare (dTC) to chicks in ovo (Burden, 1977;Pittman and Oppenheim, 1978;Srihari and Vrbova, 1978;Landmesser, 1988, 1991;Oppenheim et al, 1989Oppenheim et al, , 2000Hory-Lee and Frank, 1995;Usiak and Landmesser, 1999), an approach that has proved to be very informative. However, the analogous in utero pharmacological interventions in rodents have been of limited use because at stages before nerve-muscle contact, the manipulations have dire effects on the pregnant mother and/or developing fetuses (Braithwaite and Harris, 1979;Houenou et al, 1990).…”