Neurological Manifestations of Primary Sjoegren's Syndrome in Japanese Patients.

Altered Corneal Nerves in Aqueous Tear Deficiency Viewed by In Vivo Confocal Microscopy

“…For example, trigeminal sensory neuropathy is a very common cranial neuropathy in Sjögren syndrome. 12 Tear hyperosmolarity in aqueous tear deficiency may do harm to corneal nerve fibers because diabetic neuropathy studies have shown that hyperosmolar solutions can block action potentials in rat myelinated sensory fibers. 43 Nerve regeneration in aqueous tear deficiency may also be attributed to the increased inflammatory cytokines.…”

“…For example, peripheral neuropathy is commonly seen in primary Sjögren syndrome, and trigeminal sensory neuropathy was observed in 4% to 38% primary Sjögren syndrome patients. [9][10][11][12] In a recent study, impaired neurotransmitter release was found in lacrimal and salivary gland nerves in a murine model of Sjögren syndrome. 13 Moreover, abnormal corneal sensation is found in dry eye patients.…”

The Neurological Manifestations of Sjögren’s Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment

“…Frequencies of the reported prevalence of neuropathy associated with Sjögren's syndrome vary greatly in different centers, with incidence ranging between 4.5 to 60% depending on methods of patient selection, population and criteria used for defining Sjögren's syndrome (33,58,(74)(75)(76)(77).…”

“…These forms may be associated with varying degrees of sensory involvement, and as a general observation, occur less frequently than the primarily sensory neuropathies. Frequencies and definitions of various types differ (32,38,39,74,76).…”

“…A broad spectrum of abnormalities have been described, with reported prevalence ranging from 1% to 46% (74,(107)(108)(109)(110) Central nervous system inflammatory disease, cognitive disorders, movement disorders and meningoencephalitis are described in more detail. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the nervous system for which no test is pathognomonic (15).…”