Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonists: Correlation between in Vitro Receptor Interaction and in Vivo Efficacy

Abstract

We compared the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK 1 R) antagonists aprepitant, CP-99994 [(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine], and ZD6021 [3-cyano-N-((2S)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-[4-[2-(methyl-(S)-sulfinyl)phenyl]piperidino]butyl)-N-methyl]napthamide]] with respect to receptor interactions and duration of efficacy in vivo. In Ca 2ϩ mobilization assays (fluorometric imaging plate reader), antagonists were applied to human U373MG cells simultaneously with or 2.5 min before substance P (SP). In reversibility studies, antagonists were present for 30 min before washing, and responses to SP were repeatedly measured afterward. The compounds were administered i.p. to gerbils, and the gerbil foot tap (GFT) response was monitored at various time points. The NK 1 R receptor occupancy for aprepitant was determined in striatal regions. Levels of compound in brain and plasma were measured. Antagonists were equipotent at human NK 1 R and acted competitively with SP. After preincubation, aprepitant and ZD6021 attenuated the maximal responses, whereas CP-99994 only shifted the SP concentration-response curve to the right. The inhibitory effect of CP-99994 was over within 30 min, whereas for ZD6021, 50% inhibition still persisted after 60 min. Aprepitant produced maximal inhibition lasting at least 60 min. CP-99994 (3 mol/kg) inhibited GFT by 100% 15 min after administration, but the effect declined rapidly together with brain levels thereafter. The efficacy of ZD6021 (10 mol/kg) lasted 4 h and correlated well with brain levels. Aprepitant (3 mol/kg) inhibited GFT and occupied striatal NK 1 R by 100% for Ͼ48 h despite that brain levels of compound were below the limit of detection after 24 h. Slow functional reversibility is associated with long-lasting in vivo efficacy of NK 1 R antagonists, whereas the efficacy of compounds with rapid reversibility is reflected by their pharmacokinetics.The neurokinins substance P (SP), neurokinin (NK) A (NKA), and NKB belong to the tachykinin peptide family (Severini et al., 2002). The tachykinin receptors are divided into three subtypes: NK 1 R, NK 2 R, and NK 3 R. The rank order of potency of the endogenous tachykinins are: for NK 1 R, SP Ն NKA Ͼ NKB; for NK 2 R, NKA Ͼ NKB Ͼ SP; and for NK 3 R, NKB Ͼ NKA Ͼ SP (for review, see Pennefather et al., 2004). Hemokinin-1 and endokinins A and B are relatively new mammalian members of the tachykinin family but appear to have similar receptor pharmacology as SP (Page, 2006). On the other hand, endokinins C and D have negligible affinity for known NK receptors (Page, 2006).Preclinical research has implicated especially the NK 1 R as being involved in several pathological disorders, including emesis, asthma, psychiatric disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, pain, migraine, inflammation, and urinary bladder disorders. This has led to the subsequent development of selective and potent NK 1 R antagonists (for recent review, see Quartara and Altamura, 2006). However, so far, only aprepitant has reached the market for treatment of chemothe...

Therapeutic Innovations for Targeting Childhood Neuroblastoma: Implications of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor System

“…This effect was partially reversible by adding NK1R agonists such as SP. This latter finding identified the targeting effect of the used NK1R inhibitor to be specific (SP's is known to have a stronger binding affinity than most NK1R inhibitors, including aprepitant) (19,27). These data are in accordance with our own findings recently published for hepatoblastoma and osteosarcoma (22,23).…”

“…This mechanism seems to rely in part on β-arrestin/clathrin proteins and seems to be crucial for this receptor system's innate inhibitory feedback loop. Importantly, a splice variant of the NK1R was recently described that seems to have important implications in carcinogenesis by breaking up the receptor's innate feedback loop (19,20).…”

Metalloelastase in lungs and alveolar macrophages is modulated by extracellular substance P in mice

“…The gene and protein levels of MMP-12, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and NK1R in AMs were detected in the first and second groups, respectively. The same protocols were repeated in the third and fourth groups, with the exception that CP-99,994 was replaced by aprepitant (10 Ϫ8 M; Merck), another NK1R antagonist (18,33) used in clinic (21). The doses of SP, CP-99,994, and aprepitant were chosen because several investigators have shown that they could sufficiently activate or block NK1R in the cells (28,33,56).…”

Aliskiren displays long-lasting interactions with human renin

“…Thus, to demonstrate an additional value in vivo with an enhanced residence time measured in vitro, carefully designed studies which monitor efficacy (blood pressure lowering) together with compound exposure levels at the assumed site of action (kidney and/or plasma) are required. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the tachykinin NK 1 receptor antagonist aprepitant, with demonstrated prolonged residence time at the NK 1 receptor in vitro compared to other equipotent antagonists, produced longer efficacy duration in vivo (Lindström et al 2007). The prolonged in vivo efficacy of aprepitant was not explained by differences in pharmacokinetics between compounds, but was more likely due to slowly dissociating receptor complexes.…”