Neuroimaging studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder in adults and children

Friedlander, Laura J.; Desrocher, Mary

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.010

Cited by 192 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…53,73 Notably, the amygdala, which is closely linked to fear and anxiety responses, is not commonly activated during OCD provocation paradigms, further demonstrating that anxiety may not be the principal emotion in individuals with OCD. 3,62 Furthermore, findings to date suggest that patients with OCD do not display abnormal neural activations in re sponse to threatening or fearful stimuli, but instead have simi lar activation patterns as healthy controls. For example, in a study comparing the neural substrates of disgust and fear, patients with OCD and healthy controls were shown disgusting and threating stimuli.…”

Section: Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Additionally, the amyg dala, an important region in the fear and anxiety circuitry, is not commonly implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD. 3 There are, however, several lines of evidence, both behav ioural and neurofunctional, that point to a significant role of disgust in the symptomatology of OCD, as many patients re port that they experience intense feelings of disgust during symptom provocation and often describe symptomrelevant stimuli as "disgusting" rather than "frightening." 4 Disgust is a universal emotion characterized by the feeling of revulsion or profound disapproval of something unpleas ant or offensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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OCD: obsessive–compulsive … disgust? The role of

Bhikram

Abi-Jaoude

Sandor

2017

JPN

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Section: Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

OCD: obsessive–compulsive … disgust? The role of

Bhikram

Abi-Jaoude

Sandor

2017

JPN

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“…In recent years, functional imaging studies have implicated similar regions of the PFC, including dlPFC and OFC, in the pathophysiology of addiction and many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and autistic spectrum disorders (eg, Volkow and Fowler, 2000;Shin et al, 2005;Friedlander and Desrocher, 2006;Seidman et al, 2006;Silk et al, 2006;Waltz and Gold, 2007). At a first glance, the wide range of the symptoms associated with these disorders questions a shared pathophysiology.…”

Section: Multiple Cortical Regions Are Implicated In Psychiatric Disomentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Plasticity of Prefrontal Cortex Networks

Moghaddam

Homayoun

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The 'executive' regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) such as the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) and its rodent equivalent medial PFC (mPFC) are thought to respond in concert with the 'limbic' regions of the PFC such as the orbitofrontal (OFC) cortex to orchestrate behavior that is consistent with context and expected outcome. Both groups of regions have been implicated in behavioral abnormalities associated with addiction and psychiatric disorders, in particular, schizophrenia and mood disorders. Theories about the pathophysiology of these disorders, however, incorporate abnormalities in discrete PFC regions independently of each other or assume they are one and the same and, thus, bunch them under umbrella of 'PFC dysfunction.' Emerging data from animal studies suggest that mPFC and OFC neurons display opposing patterns of plasticity during associative learning and in response to repeated exposure to psychostimulants. These data corroborate clinical studies reporting different patterns of activation in OFC versus dlPFC in individuals with schizophrenia or addictive disorders. These suggest that concomitant but divergent engagement of discrete PFC regions is critical for learning stimulus-outcome associations, and the execution of goal-directed behavior that is based on these associations. An atypical interplay between these regions may lead to abnormally high or low salience assigned to stimuli, resulting in symptoms that are fundamental to many psychiatric and addictive disorders, including attentional deficits, improper affective response to stimuli, and inflexible or impulsive behavior.

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“…63 OCD seems to be an appropriate model system for synergetic studies in psychotherapy, since the pathological order parameter is phenomenologically quite evident, the disease has an obvious and quite stable time course, and therapeutic phase transitions -if they do occur -are easy to be observed. OCD-specific functional neuroanatomy is partially known: Friedlander and Desrocher 64 report on an Executive Dysfunction Model corresponding to the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical feedback-loops involved in perseverations and compulsions, and on a Modulatory Control Model involved in the pathological mechanisms of anxiety and distress provoking obsessions.…”

Section: Do Order Transitions In Psychotherapy Correspond To Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamics in Psychotherapy

Schiepek¹

2009

European Review

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Human life changes with time. It seems therefore obvious that most of the phenomena that psychology and psychotherapy are concerned with are dynamic in nature. For human development processes, human change and learning processes, the dynamics and prognosis of mental disorders, problems manifesting in social systems such as couples, families, teams, or the question of how psychotherapy works, self-organization is ubiquitous. In the context of self-organization, complexity is a quality of changing patterns and patterns of change, produced by nonlinear coupled systems. Anomalies of the linear input-output model of psychotherapyA huge amount of empirical outcome studies and reviews (meta-analyses) supports the evidence that psychotherapy works -its efficacy is comparable to other medical treatments. The usual conception is that it works due to the applied methods of treatment. The input makes the output, and the treatment causes the effect. The specific factors producing the effect should exist within the treatment techniques; everything else is used only to fill in the blanks and is therefore non-specific. Against this background, for the purpose of proving the efficiency of psychotherapies, the execution of randomized controlled trials is regarded as the 'gold standard'. It makes use of experimental designs where treatment systematically varies and confusing variables are to be excluded (e.g. by randomization of patients to treatment modalities). The effect should be attributed to the employed treatment as clearly as possible. To describe this dominating paradigm, Wampold 1 used the term 'medical model', or -since it also dominates in the field of psychology as well and corresponds to the methodological canon of the general linear model -'standard model'.

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Neuroimaging studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder in adults and children

Cited by 192 publications

References 58 publications

OCD: obsessive–compulsive … disgust? The role of

OCD: obsessive–compulsive … disgust? The role of

Divergent Plasticity of Prefrontal Cortex Networks

Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamics in Psychotherapy

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