OCD: obsessive–compulsive … disgust? The role of

Bhikram, Tracy; Abi-Jaoude, Elia; Sandor, Paul

doi:10.1503/jpn.160079

Cited by 46 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Additionally, outcomes from a meta-analysis by Daros et al (41) -including ten patient studies-also point to the presence of emotion recognition deficits in OCD, specifically for negative emotions such as disgust and, to a lesser extent, anger. Such a specific deficit in the recognition of facial expressions of disgust might represent an important marker of OCD and seems in line with studies highlighting the relevance of disgust in the symptomology of OCD, due to the role of this expression in the appraisal of potential contamination [see, e.g., (56)]. Yet, studies investigating the possible role of symptom subtype indicate no clear relation between specific symptom subtypes and facial emotion recognition deficits (40,46,49).…”

Section: Section Summary and Discussion: Social Cue Perceptionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Yet, studies investigating the possible role of symptom subtype indicate no clear relation between specific symptom subtypes and facial emotion recognition deficits (40,46,49). It seems possible that disgust is involved in the symptomatology of OCD patients in a more general sense, as the emotion does not only convey possible contamination but also for example the violations of moral rules and interpersonal norms, to which individuals with OCD are thought to be particularly sensitive (56). Bhikram and colleagues suggest that patients with OCD learn to associate a broader range of stimuli and facial expressions with disgust due to an increased propensity to perceive them as disgusting, which might in turn decrease their ability to realistically identify stimuli expressing disgust.…”

Section: Section Summary and Discussion: Social Cue Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, patients showed altered neural activity in several other regions, such as the ACC, insula and ventro-and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These regions have also been implicated in neurobiological and neurocognitive accounts of the disorder [e.g., (16,56,66)] and increased activity in these regions may for example represent altered affective responsiveness and increased emotion regulation attempts during emotion processing (67). Moreover, altered activity in the thalamus was observed during the processing of facial emotions, an area which is thought to represent a key node in the disturbed fronto-striatal feedback loops thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder (16).…”

Section: Section Summary and Discussion: Social Cue Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many patients are characterized by a fear of contamination, which is associated with behavioral compulsions such as washing and cleaning. Because facial expressions of disgust convey potential contamination, this emotional expression is thought to be particularly relevant to the symptomatology of OCD (56). The expression of fear seems relevant to OCD as well, since patients with OCD are characterized by high levels of anxiety, and previous studies have among others demonstrated that anxious individuals show increased attentional bias to fear-or threat-related stimuli [see (57)] including facial expressions of fear [e.g., (58)].…”

Section: Facial Emotion Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Cognition and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Subdomains of Social Functioning

2020

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Disturbances in social cognitive processes such as the ability to infer others' mental states importantly contribute to social and functional impairments in psychiatric disorders. Yet, despite established social, emotional, and cognitive problems, the role of social cognition in obsessive-compulsive disorder is largely overlooked. The current review provides a first comprehensive overview of social (neuro)cognitive disturbances in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results of our review indicate various social cognitive alterations. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder show deficits in the recognition of affective social cues, specifically facial expressions of disgust, and more general deficits in theory of mind/mentalizing. Additionally, patients show heightened affective reactions and altered neural responding to emotions of self and others, as well as poor emotion regulation skills, which may contribute to poor social functioning of patients. However, the discrepancies in findings and scarcity of studies make it difficult to draw firm conclusions with regard to the specificity of social cognitive disturbances. The review offers directions for future research and highlights the need to investigate obsessive-compulsive disorder from an interactive social neurocognitive perspective in addition to the prevalent passive spectator perspective to advance our understanding of this intricate and burdensome disorder.

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Section: Section Summary and Discussion: Social Cue Perceptionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Section Summary and Discussion: Social Cue Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Section Summary and Discussion: Social Cue Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Facial Emotion Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Cognition and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Subdomains of Social Functioning

2020

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“…Certain key brain regions, such as the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex, show increased activation both in OCD and in experiments designed to provoke disgust in normal individuals, underlining the link between the two. Thus, disgust could be an important link between evolutionary adaptations against infection and OCD (Bhikram et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Contamination and infection: What the coronavirus pandemic could reveal about the evolutionary origins of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Rajkumar

2020

Psychiatry Research

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Mediation analyses of longitudinal data investigating temporal associations between inflated sense of responsibility, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and anger suppression

Müller,

Jelinek,

Schmidt

et al. 2024

J Clin Psychol

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ObjectiveCognitive theories emphasize the central role of anger and anger suppression in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). According to these theories, anger suppression is seen as a consequence of OCD, whereas cognitive beliefs, such as an inflated sense of responsibility, are seen as antecedent factors. To extend the findings from cross‐sectional studies, the current study investigated the temporal associations between OCD symptoms, an inflated sense of responsibility, and anger suppression. Consistent with cognitive considerations, we hypothesized that OCD symptoms mediate the association between feelings of responsibility and anger suppression. These associations were also explored in patients presenting particularly high checking‐related symptoms. Further, the stability of effects beyond controlling for depressive symptoms and medication intake was explored.MethodsA total of N = 48 patients with OCD (50% female, M = 32.46 [SD = 10.63] years of age) completed measures on obsessive beliefs, OCD symptoms, and anger suppression at three assessment points: before and after a metacognitive intervention as well as at a follow‐up 6 months later. Mediation models investigating symptom associations at these three timepoints were conducted. Exploratory analyses investigating these associations in individuals presenting high checking‐related symptoms (n = 20) and testing the stability of effects beyond controlling for depressive symptoms and medication intake were conducted.ResultsThe sense of responsibility did not significantly predict the level of anger suppression. A temporal association between OCD symptoms (as assessed with the self‐report measure) and anger suppression could be evidenced, which was stable beyond controlling for depressive symptoms and medication intake. Against the expectations based on cognitive theories, the sense of responsibility did not predict OCD symptoms. No mediating effect of OCD symptoms was found.ConclusionIn line with cognitive viewpoints, the present study shows that higher OCD symptoms predict higher levels of anger suppression in a longitudinal design, thereby contributing to the suppression of anger. This effect seems to be independent from depressive symptoms and medication intake. The effect of sense of responsibility on OCD symptoms was less clear and could only be found in the subgroup of patients with OCD and checking‐related symptoms, who generally presented higher levels of responsibility. Overall, this is the first study demonstrating temporal associations between OCD symptoms and anger suppression. Acknowledging that anger and anger suppression may be a consequence of OCD symptoms and may also affect aspects of psychotherapy, which can ultimately inform future adjustments to psychotherapeutic treatment.

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OCD: obsessive–compulsive … disgust? The role of

Cited by 46 publications

References 71 publications

Social Cognition and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Subdomains of Social Functioning

Social Cognition and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Subdomains of Social Functioning

Contamination and infection: What the coronavirus pandemic could reveal about the evolutionary origins of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Mediation analyses of longitudinal data investigating temporal associations between inflated sense of responsibility, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and anger suppression

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