“…Introduction again similar to aMMN that can be elicited by rare changes in more abstract attributes of the acoustic stimuli than simple physical features, vMMN is also sensitive to higher-level attributes such as sequential regularities (Stefanics, Kimura, et al, 2011), object structure (Mü ller, Widmann, & Schr€ oger, 2013), symmetry (Kecskes-Kovacs, Sulykos, & Czigler, 2013a), laterality of body parts , or attributes of socially more relevant stimuli such as facial emotions (Astikainen & Hietanen, 2009;Fujimura & Okanoya, 2013;Susac, Ilmoniemi, Pihko, Ranken, & Supek, 2010;Susac, Ilmoniemi, Pihko, & Supek, 2004;Zhao & Li, 2006), as well as facial gender (Kecskes-Kovacs, Sulykos, & Czigler, 2013b). Thus, there is ample evidence that automatic perceptual predictive mechanisms operate in the visual modality too, which can be probed by experimentally manipulating statistical properties of a wide variety of stimulus attributes or their relationships.…”