Neurodegeneration and Identity

Strohminger, Nina; Nichols, Shaun

doi:10.1177/0956797615592381

Cited by 134 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…These studies identify an important benefit of studying moral values in conjunction with prejudice. Previous research suggests that morality defines how people perceive themselves (Strohminger & Nichols, 2015), and our data show that it also importantly influences how people perceive others. Morality defines who is perceived as belonging, possessing a mind, and guaranteed rights, and who is excluded, mindless, and allowed to be hurt or neglected.…”

Section: Theoretical Extensionssupporting

confidence: 68%

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe & Plant, in press)

Monroe¹,

Plant²

2018

Preprint

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Moral values bind communities together and foster cooperation; yet, these same values can lead to the derogation and marginalization of outgroups. Five studies test a theoretical framework proposing that preferentially endorsing moral values of sanctity versus care (the sanctity-care tradeoff) produces a motivational bias whereby people perceive sexual outgroup members as less human. This denial of mind, in turn, legitimizes expressions of prejudice and discrimination toward sexual outgroups. Study 1 showed that natural variations in people’s moral values predicted denial of mind and prejudice. Study 2 replicated this pattern, examining political liberals and conservatives, and demonstrating that moral values and denial of mind help explain the relationship between personal politics and prejudice. Study 3 measured people’s moral values by examining people’s willingness to tradeoff a moral value for money and used this measure to predict denial of mind, prejudice, and decreased willingness to help transgender individuals. Study 4 used religion to boost sanctity values and found a corresponding increase in denial of mind and prejudice. Finally, Study 5 reduced denial of mind and prejudice by intensifying concerns about care. Together, these studies demonstrate that moral values importantly influence how people decide who possesses a mind and is entitled to moral rights, and who is mindless and allowed to be hurt or neglected.

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Section: Theoretical Extensionssupporting

confidence: 68%

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe & Plant, in press)

Monroe¹,

Plant²

2018

Preprint

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“…Changes in morality were judged to be more relevant than changes in (non-moral) personality attributes or memory. In a similar vein, Strohminger and Nichols [116] found that changes in morality in patients with neurodegenerative diseases strongly determined changes in perceived identity. Nunner-Winkler [21] reported on a study asking participants which changes would lead them to see themselves as a different person.…”

Section: Dimensions Of Closenessmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Strohminger and Nichols [116] asked whether a person was recognized as the same person given psychological changes, whereas [106] measured the perceived change in a person on a scale from 0% (same person as before) to 100% (completely different). In many other studies endeavoring to target identity the central questions focused likewise on similarity to the original or degrees of change [21,65,117,118], similar to typical questions in the "future self" approach, that elicit the degree of overlap between present and future self (e.g., [45,47]).…”

Section: Separating Closeness From Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Putting your money where your self is: Connecting dimensions of closeness and theories of personal identity

2020

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Studying personal identity, the continuity and sameness of persons across lifetimes, is notoriously difficult and competing conceptualizations exist within philosophy and psychology. Personal reidentification, linking persons between points in time is a fundamental step in allocating merit and blame and assigning rights and privileges. Based on Nozick's (1981) closest continuer theory we develop a theoretical framework that explicitly invites a meaningful empirical approach and offers a constructive, integrative solution to current disputes about appropriate experiments. Following Nozick, reidentification involves judging continuers on a metric of continuity and choosing the continuer with the highest acceptable value on this metric. We explore both the metric and its implications for personal identity. Since James (1890), academic theories have variously attributed personal identity to the continuity of memories, psychology, bodies, social networks, and possessions. In our experiments, we measure how participants (N = 1, 525) weighted the relative contributions of these five dimensions in hypothetical fission accidents, in which a person was split into two continuers. Participants allocated compensation money (Study 1) or adjudicated inheritance claims (Study 2) and reidentified the original person. Most decided based on the continuity of memory, personality, and psychology, with some consideration given to the body and social relations. Importantly, many participants identified the original with both continuers simultaneously, violating the transitivity of identity relations. We discuss the findings and their relevance for philosophy and psychology and place our approach within the current theoretical and empirical landscape. OPEN ACCESS Citation: Woike JK, Collard P, Hood B (2020) Putting your money where your self is: Connecting dimensions of closeness and theories of personal identity. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0228271. https://doi. Data Availability Statement: The data required to replicate the results of this study for both Study 1 and Study 2 can be accessed in the Harvard Dataverse (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AN1QF3). The dataset for Study 1 is freely accessible in a Personal identity and reidentificationThis investigation into personal identity starts with a theoretical analysis of reidentification. Reidentification poses an important question concerning personal identity [1,18]: Is y at t 2 one and the same person as x at t 1 ? We recognize and thereby reidentify acquaintances and connect their present state with earlier states, but we are also able to remember or imagine their existence in the past and the future. Furthermore, we each stand in a special relationship Putting your money where your self is PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228271 February 12, 2020 2 / 44 version without demographic information and can be requested via the platform with demographic data by researchers at academic institutions upon reasonable request (the full dataset is uploaded to the platform).

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“…In this study, Strohminger and Nichols (2015) describe how identity change in patients with three kinds of neurodegenerative disease (frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) was perceived by their relatives. In all studies of this type that we are aware of, a pre-transformation individual is uncontroversially a person -an adult or a child, while a posttransformation individual can be either person or non-person.…”

Section: Two Types Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proper Names, Rigidity, and Empirical Studies on Judgments of Identity Across Transformations

Dranseika

Dagys

Berniūnas

2017

Topoi

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The question of transtemporal identity of objects in general and persons in particular is an important issue in both philosophy and psychology. While the focus of philosophers traditionally was on questions of the nature of identity relation and criteria that allow to settle ontological issues about identity, psychologists are mostly concerned with how people think about identity, and how they track identity of objects and people through time. In this article, we critically engage with widespread use of inferring folk judgments of identity from study participants' use of proper names in response to experimental vignettes. We provide reasons to doubt that using this method one can reliably infer judgments of numerical identity over time and transformations. We also critically examine allegedly-Kripkean justification of this method and find it lacking. Merely assuming that names are rigid designators will not help. A study participant's use of proper names can be taken to track the participant's identity judgments only if supported by the participant's belief that names used in the scenario are used rigidly.

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Neurodegeneration and Identity

Cited by 134 publications

References 49 publications

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe & Plant, in press)

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe & Plant, in press)

Putting your money where your self is: Connecting dimensions of closeness and theories of personal identity

Proper Names, Rigidity, and Empirical Studies on Judgments of Identity Across Transformations

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Neurodegeneration and Identity

Cited by 134 publications

References 49 publications

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe &amp; Plant, in press)

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe &amp; Plant, in press)

Putting your money where your self is: Connecting dimensions of closeness and theories of personal identity

Proper Names, Rigidity, and Empirical Studies on Judgments of Identity Across Transformations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe & Plant, in press)

The Dark Side of Morality: Prioritizing Sanctity Over Care Motivates Denial of Mind and Prejudice Toward Sexual Out-Groups (Monroe & Plant, in press)