Neurocognitive components of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems: Implications for theories of self‐regulation

Amodio, David M.; Master, Sarah L.; Yee, Cindy M.; Taylor, Shelley E.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00609.x

Cited by 391 publications

(407 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Dispositional variables such as trait anxiety (Fowles, 1980) or activity of the behavioral inhibition/ behavioral activation system (BIS/BAS; Gray & McNaughton, 2000) can account for this relationship. For instance, it has been shown that individuals with high trait anxiety/high trait BIS show a particularly strong reaction to conflict (Amodio, Master, Yee, & Taylor, 2008;Leue, Lange, & Beauducel, 2012), and that individuals who express high levels of negative affect or report more anxiety have a stronger physiological response to errors (Hajcak & Foti, 2008;Hajcak, McDonald, & Simons, 2003). Amodio et al suggested that conflict monitoring interacts with BIS via noradrenergic input from the locus Table 1 Correlations between Stroop performance and the conflict-avoidance biases (see Exp.…”

Section: Interindividual Differences In Conflict Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus conflict triggers behavioral avoidance

Dignath

Eder

2015

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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According to a recent extension of the conflictmonitoring theory, conflict between two competing response tendencies is registered as an aversive event and triggers a motivation to avoid the source of conflict. In the present study, we tested this assumption. Over five experiments, we examined whether conflict is associated with an avoidance motivation and whether stimulus conflict or response conflict triggers an avoidance tendency. Participants first performed a color Stroop task. In a subsequent motivation test, participants responded to Stroop stimuli with approach-and avoidancerelated lever movements. These results showed that Stroopconflict stimuli increased the frequency of avoidance responses in a free-choice motivation test, and also increased the speed of avoidance relative to approach responses in a forced-choice test. High and low proportions of response conflict in the Stroop task had no effect on avoidance in the motivation test. Avoidance of conflict was, however, obtained even with new conflict stimuli that had not been presented before in a Stroop task, and when the Stroop task was replaced with an unrelated filler task. Taken together, these results suggest that stimulus conflict is sufficient to trigger avoidance.

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Section: Interindividual Differences In Conflict Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus conflict triggers behavioral avoidance

Dignath

Eder

2015

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…Trait BAS has been found to relate to greater left than right frontal brain activity (Amodio, Master, Yee, & Taylor, 2008;Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997;Peterson, Gable, & Harmon-Jones, 2008;Sutton & Davidson, 1997). Trait PA is associated with greater left than right frontal brain activity, whereas trait NA is associated with greater right than left frontal brain activity (Jacobs & Snyder, 1996;Tomarken, Davidson, Wheeler, & Doss, 1992; Urry et al, 2004).…”

Section: Asymmetrical Frontal Cortical Activity Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

PANAS positive activation is associated with anger.

Harmon‐Jones

Abramson

et al. 2009

Emotion

153

136

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As a prototypic negative emotion, anger would seem to have little in common with positive activation, as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; D. Watson, L. A. Clark, & A. Tellegen, 1988). However, growing evidence suggests that both anger and positive affect are associated with approach motivation. This suggests the counterintuitive hypotheses that positive affect should be increased by anger-evoking situations, and that positive affect and anger should be directly correlated in such situations. Four studies tested and supported these hypotheses. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results.Keywords: anger, approach motivation, positive affect, PANAS Some dimensional models of emotion postulate that positive affect is directly associated with approach motivation, whereas negative affect is directly associated with withdrawal motivation (e.g., Watson, 2000). In this article, we examine how anger, an approach-oriented, negatively valenced affect, relates to positive activation (PA), which has also been linked to approach motivation (Watson, 2000). PA is measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), one of the key measures used in tests of these dimensional models. More important, we tested the relationship during the experience of anger. If anger relates directly to PA, this would have implications for the structure of emotion and motivation. It would also suggest that the PANAS does not provide a pure measure of positivity, and this would have implications for the interpretation of research using the PANAS.The linking of affective valence with motivational direction may be appropriate for most affects. Joy, interest, and enthusiasm are positive affects that appear to be associated with approach motivation. Similarly, disgust, fear, and anxiety are negative affects that appear to be associated with withdrawal motivation. Most past research has examined these affects.Far less research has been conducted on anger, an affect that violates the direct linking of affective valence and approach motivation. Indeed, according to recent research, anger is a negative affect associated with approach motivational tendencies (for review, see Carver & Harmon-Jones, in press). Thus, in contrast to the theoretical idea that approach motivation is only associated with positive affect, we propose that approach motivation also involves certain negative affects, particularly anger. Consequently, if the PA measure of the PANAS taps approach motivation rather than purely positive activation, it should be related to anger even though PA and anger seem to have different valences. Watson (2000) suggested that positive activation reflects activation of the approach motivational system. He wrote, . . . a growing body of evidence has suggested that negative mood experience is part of a larger Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), whereas positive mood experience is linked to what has variously been called the Behavioral Activation System, Behavioral Engagement...

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“…An additional point is that self-report measures of punishment sensitivity (Behavioral Inhibition System [BIS]; Carver and White, 1994) have been found to be related to FRN amplitude. Higher punishment sensitivity scores were associated with larger amplitude FRN (Amodio et al, 2008;De Pascalis, Varriale, 2010), and its response related counterpart, the error related negativity (ERN; Boksem et al, 2008, Boksem et al, 2006. The BIS was originally proposed by Gray as a neurophysiological system underlying aversive motivation, consisting of the septo-hippocampal system and its cortical projections (Gray, 1982;Gray and McNaughton, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline EEG theta/beta ratio and punishment sensitivity as biomarkers for feedback-related negativity (FRN) and risk-taking

Massar¹,

Rossi²,

Schutter³

et al. 2012

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Objective. Feedback-related negativity (FRN) is associated with reinforcement learning and punishment sensitivity. Furthermore, reinforcement learning proficiency can be predicted from pre-task baseline EEG theta/beta ratio. In this study it was examined whether there was a relation between baseline theta/beta ratio in rest and FRN amplitude during a gambling task, and if such a correlation would be related to theta activity or to beta activity.Methods. Baseline EEG and a self-report measure of punishment sensitivity (BIS) were obtained from 52 healthy volunteers. FRN was recorded during a gambling task.Results. FRN amplitude was negatively correlated with theta/beta ratio in high BIS individuals. Furthermore, source localization indicated that baseline theta activity generated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) accounted for this correlation. For low BIS individuals no correlation was found.Conclusion. An association between high baseline theta/beta ratio with low amplitude FRN and high risk-taking can be found in individuals who are sufficiently sensitive to punishments. This relationship is carried mostly by baseline theta activity, but not by beta activity.Significance: This link between baseline brain activity, self-report measures and feedback processing may contribute to further understanding the biological basis of conditions that are accompanied by abnormal theta/beta ratio and reward processing, such as attention deficit hyper activity disorder (ADHD).Key words: Feedback-Related Negativity, Baseline EEG, theta/beta ratio, Behavioral Inhibition System, risk taking, source localization 3 Highlights:Baseline EEG theta/beta ratio is associated with decreased feedback-related negativity and increased risk-taking during a gambling task.This association is only present in individuals with sufficiently high punishment sensitivity (BIS).Theta activity that is associated with decreased feedback-related negativity and increased risk-taking during a gambling task originates from the anterior cingulate cortex.4

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Neurocognitive components of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems: Implications for theories of self‐regulation

Cited by 391 publications

References 110 publications

Stimulus conflict triggers behavioral avoidance

Stimulus conflict triggers behavioral avoidance

PANAS positive activation is associated with anger.

Baseline EEG theta/beta ratio and punishment sensitivity as biomarkers for feedback-related negativity (FRN) and risk-taking

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