“…Theories from the evolutionary developmental perspective, such as BSCT ( Boyce and Ellis, 2005 , Ellis et al, 2005 ) and the Differential Susceptibility Theory (DST; Belsky et al, 2007 ), converge to attribute children’s differential responses to neurobiological sensitivity to environmental inputs. A variety of behavioral and biological markers that reflect neurobiological sensitivity have been identified in existing literature, including behavioral phenotypes (e.g., difficult temperament or emotional reactivity; Cruz et al, 2018 ; Slagt et al, 2016 ), dopamine- and serotonin-related genes ( Bakermans-Kranenburg and Van Ijzendoorn, 2011 , Van IJzendoorn et al, 2012 ), psychophysiological stress responses ( Obradović et al, 2010 , Oshri et al, 2021 ), as well as neural signatures ( Liu et al, 2021 , Schriber et al, 2017 , Schriber and Guyer, 2016 , Telzer et al, 2021 ). Markers of heightened neurobiological sensitivity indicate children’s increased vulnerability to adverse environments, as well as elevated adaptive responses to positive early experiences ( Ellis et al, 2011 ).…”