Neurobiological hypothesis of color appearance and hue perception

Schmidt, Brian P.; Neitz, Maureen; Neitz, Jay

doi:10.1364/josaa.31.00a195

Cited by 42 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…Response time important contribution of S-cone signals for both red-green and yellow-blue axes) have been shown to be more consistent with perceptual experience (26). When we repeated analyses using the multistage model, we found that the two kinds of model equally accounted for the color preference of normal trichromats (SI Text).…”

Section: Groupmentioning

confidence: 72%

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Álvaro

Moreira

Lillo

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Around 2% of males have red-green dichromacy, which is a genetic disorder of color vision where one type of cone photoreceptor is missing. Here we investigate the color preferences of dichromats. We aim (i) to establish whether the systematic and reliable color preferences of normal trichromatic observers (e.g., preference maximum at blue, minimum at yellow-green) are affected by dichromacy and (ii) to test theories of color preference with a dichromatic sample. Dichromat and normal trichromat observers named and rated how much they liked saturated, light, dark, and focal colors twice. Trichromats had the expected pattern of preference. Dichromats had a reliable pattern of preference that was different to trichromats, with a preference maximum rather than minimum at yellow and a much weaker preference for blue than trichromats. Color preference was more affected in observers who lacked the cone type sensitive to long wavelengths (protanopes) than in those who lacked the cone type sensitive to medium wavelengths (deuteranopes). Trichromats' preferences were summarized effectively in terms of cone-contrast between color and background, and yellow-blue cone-contrast could account for dichromats' pattern of preference, with some evidence for residual red-green activity in deuteranopes' preference. Dichromats' color naming also could account for their color preferences, with colors named more accurately and quickly being more preferred. This relationship between color naming and preference also was present for trichromat males but not females. Overall, the findings provide novel evidence on how dichromats experience color, advance the understanding of why humans like some colors more than others, and have implications for general theories of aesthetics.dichromacy | aesthetic preference | color vision | color naming I ndividuals vary in their perceptual experience of the world, and sometimes this variation is caused by genetic differences (1-4). Dichromacy is a form of color-vision deficiency affecting about 2% of human males in which only two of the three types of retinal cone photoreceptors are functional because of genetic factors (1, 2). Protanopes, deuteranopes, and tritanopes lack cone photoreceptors sensitive to long (L), medium (M), and short (S) wavelengths, respectively. Accordingly, dichromats' color discrimination is poorer, and their spectral sensitivity is slightly shifted to longer wavelengths (deuteranopes) or is moderately shifted to shorter wavelengths (protanopes) compared with that of normal trichromats (common observers; see table 3.6 in ref. 5).In normal trichromats, cone responses are the input signals for two chromatic cone opponent mechanisms, red-green and yellowblue, based on L−M and S−(L+M) cone responses, respectively, and one achromatic mechanism, mainly based on L+M responses (1). Traditionally it has been considered that protanopes and deuteranopes lack functionality in the red-green mechanism, because this opponent mechanism is based on the comparison of L and M cone responses, and one...

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Section: Groupmentioning

confidence: 72%

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Álvaro

Moreira

Lillo

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…To explain hue appearance, S-cone signals have to be combined with M versus L opponent signals in two different ways to produce red-green and blue-yellow axes that match human perceptions, but only a small subset of midget ganglion cells need to carry S-cone signals to account for hue perception. Recordings from large samples of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (Tailby et al 2008) have identified a group of cells that have input from M cones with the same sign as S cones, for instance, they are (SþM)-L cells that we propose are the retinal locus responsible for blue perception (Schmidt et al 2014). Moreover, one population of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus had L-(SþM) inputs as required for the yellow side of blue-yellow hue opponency and as predicted by the hypothesis that S-OFF signals may be injected directly into midget bipolar cells by the proposed GABA feed-forward mechanism.…”

Section: Recent Evidence Points To a New Hypothesis For The Biologicamentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Trichromats experience six basic color percepts that exist as opponent pairs: blue and yellow, red, and green, and black and white. In contrast, dichromats experience only four basic color percepts, nominally blue and yellow, and black and white, but they do not experience the normal sensations of red or green (Schmidt et al 2014). For all dichromats there are two colors that are indistinguishable from gray, one of which appears greenish and the other reddish to normal trichromats.…”

Section: Gene Therapy With L Opsin In Dichromatic Squirrel Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Several recent findings have led us to propose an alternative neurobiological explanation for color appearance and hue perception (Schmidt et al 2014), and this alternative also provides a simple explanation for why gene therapy "cures" color blindness in adult squirrel monkeys. S-cone inputs to small bistratified cells are mediated by S-cone bipolar cells and these are specifically ON-type bipolar cells.…”

Section: Recent Evidence Points To a New Hypothesis For The Biologicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our model (illustrated in Fig. 2), S cone signals are combined with L and M opponent signals in the outer retina to produce a small population of bipolar cells that provide the origins of what become four labeled lines for the four unique hues (Schmidt et al 2014).…”

Section: Recent Evidence Points To a New Hypothesis For The Biologicamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in our understanding of color vision are proceeding on many fronts. These include analyses of the interplay of light and materials in natural scenes, to the genetic, neural, and cognitive processes underlying color sensitivity and percepts. The basic model for color vision, where the light spectrum is first sampled by receptors and then represented in opponent mechanisms, remains a cornerstone of color theory. However, the ways in which these processes are manifest and operate are surprisingly varied and still poorly understood. New developments continue to reveal that color vision involves highly flexible coding schemes that support sophisticated perceptual inferences. Characterizing these processes is providing fundamental insights not only into our experience of color, but into perception and neural coding generally.

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Neurobiological hypothesis of color appearance and hue perception

Cited by 42 publications

References 69 publications

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Curing Color Blindness--Mice and Nonhuman Primates

Color Vision

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