Neural correlates of attention and arousal: insights from electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology

Coull, Jennifer T.

doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00011-2

Cited by 769 publications

(514 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…An EEG measure was included to address the possible confound that cannabis-related alterations in sensory/attentional function could affect processing of the tone CS. The N100 component was evaluated, as this ERP is known to be reliably elicited by discreet auditory stimuli (ie tones), and is highly sensitive to attentional allocation (Hillyard et al, 1973;Coull, 1998). As previously observed in CB1 knockout mice (Kishimoto and Kano, 2006), it was hypothesized that cannabis users would show deficits in the acquisition and timing of the CR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis Use Disrupts Eyeblink Conditioning: Evidence for Cannabinoid Modulation of Cerebellar-Dependent Learning

Skosnik

Edwards

O’Donnell

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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While the cerebellum contains the highest density of cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in the brain, no studies have assessed the effect of exogenous cannabinoids on cerebellar-dependent learning in humans. The current study, therefore, examined the effect of chronic cannabis use on classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC), a cerebellar-mediated task which has been shown to be disrupted in CB1 knockout mice. Chronic cannabis users (24 h abstinence before study; positive THC urine drug test) free of DSM-IV Axis-I or -II disorders, were evaluated. A delay EBC task was utilized, in which a conditioned stimulus (CS; 400 ms tone) co-terminated with a corneal air puff unconditioned stimulus (US; 50 ms), thus eliciting a conditioned blink response (CR). The cannabis group exhibited markedly fewer, and more poorly timed CRs as compared to drug-naive controls. There were no differences between the groups in either the unconditioned response (UR) or an EEG measure of selective attention to the CS (N100 auditory ERP), indicating that the disruption observed in the cannabis group was specific to CR acquisition. These results suggest that cannabis use is associated with functional deficits in the cerebellar circuitry underlying EBC, a finding which corroborates the recent work in CB1 knockout mice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis Use Disrupts Eyeblink Conditioning: Evidence for Cannabinoid Modulation of Cerebellar-Dependent Learning

Skosnik

Edwards

O’Donnell

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Although decreases may have been possible in theory, these were not observed. The reason for the absence of signal decreases is unclear, but may reflect effects of increased arousal, since enhanced arousal levels increase rather than decrease the reactivity of neural networks (Coull, 1998;Morgan et al, 2004). In contrast to face encoding, however, treatment effects during face recognition did not involve a widespread increase of main effects of task performance in cortical structures.…”

Section: Effects Of Raloxifene Treatment: Encoding Vs Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Raloxifene Treatment Enhances Brain Activation during Recognition of Familiar Items: a Pharmacological fMRI Study in Healthy Elderly Males

Goekoop

Barkhof

Duschek

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that may delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment in elderly women. Effects of raloxifene treatment on mental performance in males remain to be investigated. In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we showed that raloxifene treatment enhanced brain activation in elderly males during encoding of new information (faces) into memory. The current study used fMRI in the same group of subjects to screen for effects of raloxifene treatment on brain function during face recognition. Healthy elderly males (n ¼ 28; mean age 63.6 years, SD 2.4) were scanned at baseline and after 3 months of treatment with either raloxifene 120 mg (n ¼ 14) or placebo (n ¼ 14) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study design. Functional data were analyzed in an event-related fashion with respect to correct hits and correct rejections using FSL software. Performance data were analyzed with respect to recognition accuracy, latency, and response bias. Functional effects of treatment were found on brain activation related to correct hits only. When compared to placebo treatment, raloxifene treatment enhanced brain activation in the left posterior parahippocampal area (Z ¼ 3.9) and right inferior prefrontal cortex (Z ¼ 3.5). Recognition accuracy scores remained stable in the raloxifene group, whereas the placebo group showed a small but significant decrease in accuracy scores (p ¼ 0.02). No significant effects were found on response bias or latency. In conclusion, raloxifene treatment affects brain function during memory performance in a way that may reflect increased arousal during initial encoding, with downstream effects on brain function during retrieval of information. Behaviorally, such neurofunctional effects may actively block decreased memory performance as a result of contextdependency. The validity of these predictions can be tested in large-scale clinical trials.

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“…The unilateral activations found in the right prefrontal and parietal cortex may represent an increased level of alertness or sustained attention which occurs when the eyes are open. Sustained attention is thought to rely on both attention and arousal and is strongly lateralized in the right hemisphere (for review see Coull, 1998). Arousal can be defined as a state of physiological reactivity (Broadbent, 1971) that is thought to arise in the locus coeruleus and act on the reticular system as well as on the posterior attentional system.…”

Section: An "Exteroceptive Mental State" (Eyes Open ͼ Eyes Closed)?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye closure in darkness animates sensory systems

et al. 2003

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Single subject and group analyses (n ϭ 12) showed that the eyes-open and eyes-closed states in complete darkness considerably and consistently differ in the patterns of associated brain activation in fMRI. During nonchanging external stimulation, ocular motor and attentional systems were activated when the eyes were open; the visual, somatosensory, vestibular, and auditory systems were activated when the eyes were closed. These data suggest that there are two different states of mental activity: with the eyes closed, an "interoceptive" state characterized by imagination and multisensory activity and with the eyes open, an "exteroceptive" state characterized by attention and ocular motor activity. Our study also shows that the chosen baseline condition may have a considerable impact on activation patterns and on the interpretation of brain activation studies.

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Neural correlates of attention and arousal: insights from electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology

Cited by 769 publications

References 96 publications

Cannabis Use Disrupts Eyeblink Conditioning: Evidence for Cannabinoid Modulation of Cerebellar-Dependent Learning

Cannabis Use Disrupts Eyeblink Conditioning: Evidence for Cannabinoid Modulation of Cerebellar-Dependent Learning

Raloxifene Treatment Enhances Brain Activation during Recognition of Familiar Items: a Pharmacological fMRI Study in Healthy Elderly Males

Eye closure in darkness animates sensory systems

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